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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: legh- 'to lie down, set down'

Semantic Field: to Lie, Recline

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	belecgan	vb	to belay	W7
	fēolaga	n	fellow	W7
	lagu	n	law	W7
	lecgan	vb	to lay	W7
	leger	n	camp	W7
	licgan, læg, lǣgon, legen	vb.str.V	to lie, extend, be situated	LRC
	ūtlaga	n.masc	outlaw	W7/ASD
Middle English:	beleggen	vb	to beset	W7
	bilawe	n	bylaw	W7
	coverlite, coverlet	n	coverlet	W7
	felawe	n	fellow	W7
	lair	n	lair	W7
	law	n	law	W7
	legge	n	gate bar	W7
	leggen, leyen	vb	to lay	W7
	legger	n	ledger	W7
	lie	n	lees	W7
	lien	vb	to lie, recline	W7
	litter	n	litter	W7
	outlawe	n	outlaw	W7
English:	anlage	n	rudiment, foundation for subsequent development	AHD/W7
	belay	vb	to secure line by turns around pin/bitt/cleat	AHD/W7
	beleaguer	vb.trans	to besiege, surround with army to prevent escape	AHD/W7
	bylaw	n	rule adopted by organization for government/regulation	AHD/W7
	coverlet	n	bedspread	AHD/W7
	fellow	n	comrade, associate	AHD/W7
	lagan	n	goods thrown into sea with buoy attached for later retrieval	AHD/W7
	lager	n	beer brewed via slow fermentation	AHD/W7
	lair	n	den, place to live/rest	AHD/W7
	lair	vb	to wallow, cause to sink in mire	AHD/W7
	law	n	binding rule of community conduct/action	AHD/W7
	lay	vb	to beat/strike down with force	AHD/W7
	leaguer	n	military camp	AHD/W7
	ledge	n	shelf, projecting ridge/raised edge along surface	AHD/W7
	ledger	n	book in which account debits/credits are copied	AHD/W7
	lees	n.pl	dregs, settlings from fermentation/aging	AHD/W7
	lie	vb.intrans	to recline/be prostrate, rest in horizontal position	AHD/W7
	litter	n	covered/curtained couch with shafts for carrying single passenger	AHD/W7
	outlaw	n	person excluded from benefit/protection of law	AHD/W7
	stalag	n	German military prison camp	AHD/W7
	vorlage	n	position of skier leaning forward from ankles	AHD/W7
	wagon-lit	n	railroad sleeping car	AHD/W7
Scots English:	lair	n	mire	W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	legar	n	bed	W7
	ligen	vb	to lie	W7
German:	Anlage	n.fem	plan, draft, layout	W7
	Lage	n.fem	position	W7
	Lager	n.neut	camp, storehouse	W7
	Lagerbier	n.neut	beer made for storage	W7
	Stalag	n.neut	stalag	W7
	Stammlager	n.neut	prison camp	W7
	Vorlage	n.fem	pattern, prototype	W7
Dutch:	belegeren	vb	to beleaguer	W7
	leger	n	camp	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bȳlög	n	bylaw, rule adopted by town	W7
	fēlag(i)	n	partnership	W7
	lag	n.neut	lay, order, disposition	LRC
	leggja	vb	to lay, put, place	LRC
	lög	n	law	W7
	ūtlagi	n	outlaw	W7
	ørlǫg	n.neut	(pl.) destiny, fate; war	LRC
	ørlǫglauss	adj	fateless (i.e. re: fate not yet imposed)	LRC
Italic
Latin:	lectus, lecti	n.masc	bed, couch	LRC
Medieval Latin:	laganum	n.neut	debris washed up from sea	W7
	lia	n.fem	dregs	W7
Old French:	lit	n.masc	bed	W7
	litiere	n.fem	litter	W7
Anglo-French:	coverelyth	n.masc	coverlet	W7
Middle French:	lagan	n.masc	debris from the sea	W7
	lie	n.fem	lees	W7
French:	lit	n.masc	bed	W7
	wagon-lit	n.masc	railroad car with beds	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ležati, ležǫ, ležiši	vb	to lie, recline	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	lechos	n.neut	bed	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)