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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: legh- 'to lie, recline, set down'

Semantic Field: to Lie, Recline

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	belecgan/bilecgan	vb	to belay, impose upon	W7/ASD
	fēo-laga	n	fellow, partner, lit. money-layer	W7
	lagu	n.fem	law	W7/ASD
	lecgan	vb.wk	to lay	W7
	leger	n.neut	lair, couch; reclining	ASD
	licgan, læg, lǣgon, legen	vb.str.V	to lie, extend, be situated	LRC
	ūtlaga	n.masc	outlaw	W7/ASD
Middle English:	beleggen	vb	to beset	W7
	bilawe	n	bylaw	W7
	coverlite, coverlet	n	coverlet	W7
	felawe	n	fellow	W7
	lair	n	lair	W7
	law	n	law	W7
	legge	n	gate bar	W7
	leggen/leyen	vb	to lay	W7
	legger	n	ledger	W7
	lie	n	lees	W7
	lien	vb	to lie, recline	W7
	litter	n	litter	W7
	outlawe	n	outlaw	W7
English:	anlage	n	rudiment, foundation for subsequent development	AHD/W7
	belay	vb	to secure line by turns around pin/bitt/cleat	AHD/W7
	beleaguer	vb.trans	to besiege, surround with army to prevent escape	AHD/W7
	bylaw	n	rule adopted by organization for government/regulation	AHD/W7
	coverlet	n	bedspread	AHD/W7
	Danelaw	prop.n	Danish laws once enforced in N/E England	AHD/CDC
	fellow	n	comrade, associate	AHD/W7
	Fellowship	prop.n	band of 9 heroes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	fellowship	n	group of friends/comrades	LRC
	lagan	n	goods thrown into sea with buoy attached for later retrieval	AHD/W7
	lager	n	beer brewed via slow fermentation	AHD/W7
	lair	n	den, place to live/rest	AHD/W7
	lair	vb	to wallow, cause to sink in mire	AHD/W7
	law	n	binding rule of community conduct/action	AHD/W7
	lay, laid	vb.wk	to beat/strike down; place, put/set down	AHD/W7
	leaguer	n	military camp	AHD/W7
	ledge	n	shelf, projecting ridge/raised edge along surface	AHD/W7
	ledger	n	book in which account debits/credits are copied	AHD/W7
	lees	n.pl	dregs, settlings from fermentation/aging	AHD/W7
	lie, lay, lain	vb.str.intrans	to recline, be prostrate, rest in horizontal position	AHD/W7
	litter	n	covered/curtained couch with shafts for carrying single passenger	AHD/W7
	lochia	n	uterine discharge after childbirth	AHD
	outlaw	n	person excluded from benefit/protection of law	AHD/W7
	stalag	n	German military prison camp	AHD/W7
	vorlage	n	position of skier leaning forward from ankles	AHD/W7
	wagon-lit	n	railroad sleeping car	AHD/W7
Scots English:	lair	n	mire	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	legor	n	lair, couch; reclining	ASD
	leia	vb	to lay	ASD
	liga	vb	to lie: recline	ASD
Middle Dutch:	leger	n	lair, leaguer	AHD
Dutch:	belegeren	vb	to beleaguer	W7
Old Saxon:	legar	n	lair, couch; reclining	ASD
	leggian	vb	to lay	ASD
	liggian	vb	to lie: recline	ASD
Old High German:	lāga	n	act of laying	AHD
	legar	n	bed	W7
	legjan	vb	to lay	ASD
	ligen/lig(g)an	vb	to lie: recline	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	anlāge	n	request, anlage	AHD
	lāge	n	act of laying	AHD
German:	Anlage	n.fem	plan, draft, layout, anlage	W7
	belagern	vb	to beleaguer	LRC
	Lage	n.fem	position	W7
	Lager	n.neut	camp, storehouse	W7
	Lagerbier	n.neut	beer made for storage	W7
	legen	vb	to lay	ASD
	liegen	vb	to lie: recline	ASD
	Stalag	n.neut	stalag	W7
	Stammlager	n.neut	prison camp	W7
	Vorlage	n.fem	pattern, prototype	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bȳlög	n	bylaw, rule adopted by town	W7
	fēlag(i)	n	partnership	W7
	lag	n.neut	lay, order, disposition	LRC
	leggja	vb	to lay, put, place	LRC
	lög	n	law	W7
	ūtlagi	n	outlaw	W7
	ørlǫg	n.neut	war; [pl.] fate, destiny	LRC
	ørlǫglauss	adj	fateless (i.e. re: fate not yet imposed)	LRC
Icelandic:	leggja	vb	to lay	ASD
	liggja	vb	to lie: recline	ASD
	ūt-lagi	n.masc	outlaw	ASD
Danish:	leje	n	(mechanical) bearing	TLL
Swedish:	lager	n	(mechanical) bearing	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	lagjan	vb	to lay	ASD
	ligan	vb	to lie: recline	ASD
	ligrs	n.masc	lair, couch	ASD
Italic
Latin:	lectus, lecti	n.masc	bed, couch	LRC
Medieval Latin:	laganum	n.neut	debris washed up from sea	W7
	lia	n.fem	dregs	W7
Portuguese:	lei	n	law	TLL
	leito	n	bed, litter	TLL
Spanish:	lecho	n	bed, litter	TLL
	ley	n	law	TLL
Old French:	lit	n.masc	bed	W7
	litiere	n.fem	litter	W7
Anglo-French:	coverelyth	n.masc	coverlet	W7
Middle French:	lagan	n.masc	debris from the sea	W7
	lie	n.fem	lees	W7
French:	lit	n.masc	bed	W7
	loi	n	law	TLL
	wagon-lit	n.masc	railroad car with beds	W7
Italian:	legge	n	law	TLL
	letto	n	bed, litter	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ležati, ležǫ, ležiši	vb	to lie: recline	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	λέχος	n.neut	bed, couch	LS
Greek:	λοχία	n.fem	lochia	LS
	λόχιος	adj	re: childbirth/parturition	LS
	λόχος	n.masc	childbirth, parturition	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
V	=	class 5
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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