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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. lē̆ig-, līg- 'form, appearance; like, similar'

Semantic Fields: Form, Shape (n); Like, Similar

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ǣlc	pron	each	AHD/W7/ASD
	gelīc	adj	like	AHD/W7
	līc	n.str.neut	lich, corpse	W7/OED
	-līc(e)	adj/adv.sfx	-ly	AHD/W7
	līc-hama/līc-homa	n.wk.masc	flesh, body	ASD
	līcian	vb.wk	to like, please	AHD/W7
	onlīc	adj	alike	AHD/W7/ASD
Middle English:	alik/ilik/ilich	adj	alike	W7
	ech	adj	each	W7
	every/everich	adj	every	W7
	lich	n	lich, corpse, cadaver	W7
	like	adj	like	W7
	likely	adj	likely	W7
	liken	vb	to like	W7
	-ly	adj/adv.sfx	-ly	AHD/W7
	lycheyate	n	lych-gate	W7
English:	alike	adj	like	AHD/W7
	each	adj	re: individual(s) having similar relation	AHD/W7
	every	adj	re: each individual/part of group	AHD/W7
	frolic	adj	merry(-like), full of fun	AHD/W7
	lich	n.obs	trunk, body	OED
	like	adj	similar, (nearly) the same	AHD/W7
	like	vb	to be suitable/agreeable to	AHD/W7
	likely	adj	probable	AHD/W7
	-ly	adj.sfx	having specified form/characteristic(s)	AHD/W7
	-ly	adv.sfx	in specified form/manner	AHD/W7
	lych-gate	n	roofed gate under which bier rests early in burial service	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	līk	n	lich	ASD
	līkia	vb	to like, please	ASD
	līkkoma/līcma	n	flesh, body	ASD
Middle Dutch:	vrolijc	adj	frolic	AHD/W7
Dutch:	elk	adj	each	ASD
	lichaam	n	lich	TLL
	vroolijk	adj	frolic	AHD/W7
Old Saxon:	gilīk	adj	like	ASD
	līk	n	lich	ASD
	līk-hamo	n	lich, flesh	ASD
	līkōn	vb	to like, please	ASD
Old High German:	gilīh/gelich	adj	like, alike	W7/ASD
	iogilīh	adj	each	W7
	līchamo	n	lich, flesh	ASD
	-līh	adj/adv.sfx	-ly	W7
	līh	n	lich	ASD
German:	gleich	adj	like	ASD
	Leiche	n.fem	lich, corpse, cadaver	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	glīkligr	adj	likely	W7
	(g)līkr	adj	like	LRC
Old Icelandic:	glīkr	adj	like	ASD
Icelandic:	lík	n	lich	ASD
	líka	vb	to like, please	ASD
	líkami/líkamr	n	lich, flesh	ASD
Danish:	legeme	n	lich	TLL
	lig	n	lich	ASD
	ligesaa	conj	as	TLL
Swedish:	lik	n	lich	ASD
	lika	conj	as	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-leiks	adj	like	ASD
	leik	n.str.neut	lich, flesh	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	lýg	conj	as, like	LRC
	lýgus, lýgi	adj	like, equal	LRC
Latvian:	līdzīgs	adj	similar, equal to	LRC
	līdzināt, līdzinu, līdzināju	vb	to be similar to	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
pron	=	pronoun
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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