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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: leik^u̯- 'to leave, relinquish'

Semantic Field: to Leave, Relinquish

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	fliuch	adj	damp	W7
	lēicid	vb	to leave, relinquish	LRC
English
Old English:	lǣn/lān	n.fem	loan	W7/ASD
	lǣnan	vb.wk	to lend	W7/ASD
	lēon	vb.str	to lend	W7/ASD
Middle English:	eclipse	n	eclipse	W7
	lenden	vb	to lend	W7
	lenen	vb	to lend	W7
	licour	n	liquor	W7
	liquid	adj	liquid	W7
	lon	n	loan	W7
	prolix	adj	prolix	W7
	relik	n	relic	W7
	relinquisshen	vb	to relinquish	W7
English:	delinquent	adj	offending by neglect/violation of duty/law	AHD/W7
	deliquesce	vb.intrans	to melt away	AHD/W7
	derelict	adj	run down, abandoned by owner/occupant	AHD/W7
	eclipse	n	total/partial obscuration of one star/planet by another	AHD/W7
	ellipsis	n	omission of word(s) that can be supplied by reader/hearer	AHD/W7
	lend, lent	vb.wk	to give for use temporarily (pending return)	AHD/W7
	liquate	vb.trans	to separate out by application of heat	AHD/W7
	liquefy	vb	to reduce to liquid state	AHD/W7
	liquescent	adj	melting, being/tending to become liquid	AHD/W7
	liquid	adj	flowing freely (like water)	AHD/W7
	liquor	n	liquid substance	AHD/W7
	lixiviate	vb.trans	to extract (from solid mixture) by washing/percolation	AHD/W7
	loan	n	money lent at interest	AHD/W7
	prolix	adj	unduly prolonged/drawn out	AHD/W7
	relic	n	object esteemed/venerated due to association with saint/martyr	AHD/W7
	relinquish	vb.trans	to abandon, retreat/withdraw from	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	lēn	n.neut	grant, fee, fief	ASD
	lēna	vb	to lend, grant	ASD
	lēra	vb	to teach, instruct	ASD
	līa	vb	to lend	ASD
Old Saxon:	(far-)līhan	vb	to lend	ASD
	lērian	vb	to teach, instruct	ASD
Old Low German:	līan	vb	to lend	ASD
Old High German:	lēhan	n.neut	loan, fee	ASD
	lēhanon	vb	to borrow	ASD
	lēran	vb	to teach, instruct	ASD
	līhan	vb	to lend	LRC
German:	lehen	n.neut	fief, fee	ASD
	lehnen	vb	to lend	ASD
	lehren	vb	to teach, instruct	ASD
	leihen	vb	to lend	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	lān	n	loan	W7
	ljā	vb	to lend	LRC
Icelandic:	lána	vb	to lend	ASD
	léna	vb	to grant	ASD
	ljá	vb	to lend	ASD
	læra	vb	to teach; learn	ASD
Danish:	lære	vb	to teach; learn	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	leiƕan	vb	to lend	LRC
Italic
Latin:	delinquens, delinquentis	adj/vb.ptc	offensive, delinquent	W7
	delinquo, delinquere	vb	to fail, offend	W7
	deliquesco, deliquescere	vb	to melt, dissolve	W7
	derelinquo, derelinquere, derelīquī, derelictus	vb	to abandon	W7
	eclipsis	n.fem	eclipse	W7
	ellipsis	n.fem	ellipse	W7
	linquō, linquere, līquī, --	vb.I	to quit, leave, go away	W7
	liquefacio, liquefacere	vb.III	to liquefy	W7
	liqueo, liquēre	vb.II	to be fluid	W7
	liquesco, liquescere	vb	to become liquid	W7
	liquidus	adj	fluid	W7
	liquō, liquāre	vb.II	to melt, dissolve, make fluid	W7
	liquor, liquoris	n.masc	fluid, fluidity	W7
	lixa	n.fem	lye, water	W7
	lixivius	adj	made of lye	W7
	prolixus	adj	extended	W7
	relinquo, relinquere	vb	to abandon, leave behind	W7
	reliquiae	n.fem.pl	remains	W7
	reliquus, reliqua, reliquum	adj	remaining, left behind	LRC
Late Latin:	lixivium	n.neut	lye	W7
	reliquiae	n.fem.pl	remains of a martyr	W7
Medieval Latin:	reliquia	n.neut.pl	relics	W7
Old French:	licour	n.fem	liquid, liquor, nectar	W7
	relique	n.fem	relic	W7
Middle French:	liquefier	vb	to liquefy	W7
	liquide	adj	fluid	W7
	prolixe	adj	prolix, generous	W7
	relinquir, relinquiss-	vb	to relinquish	W7
French:	éclipse	n.fem	eclipse	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	polīnka	vb	to remain	LRC
Lithuanian:	laĩkas	n.masc	time	LRC
	laikýti, laĩko, laĩkė	vb	to keep	LRC
	lìkti, líeka, lìko	vb	to remain	LRC
	palìkti, paliẽka, palìko	vb	to leave	LRC
Latvian:	likt	vb	to leave	LRC
	palikt, palieku, paliku	vb	to remain, become	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	λείπω	vb	to quit, leave	LRC
Greek:	ekleipw	vb	to fail, omit, suffer eclipse	W7
	ekleipsis	n.fem	omition, eclipse	W7
	elleipw	vb	to leave out, fall short	W7
	elleipsis	n.fem	ellipsis, ellipse	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	lk'anem	vb	to leave	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	irinaḫti	vb	to leave	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	riṅákti	vb	to leave	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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