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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. leip- 'to smear (with fat), stick'

Semantic Field: to Rub

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	belīfan	vb	to remain, be left over	W7
	endleofan	nbr.card	eleven (11)	W7
	lǣfan, lǣfde, lǣfed	vb.wk.I	to leave, bequeath	LRC
	lāf	n.fem	remnant, what is left	LRC
	lēon	vb	to lend	W7
	libban, lifde, lifd	vb.wk.III	to live	LRC
	līf	n.neut	life	LRC
	lifer	n	liver	W7
	Līf-frea͡	prop.n.wk.masc	lit. Life-lord	LRC
	līflīc	adj	lively	W7
Middle English:	delayen	vb	to delay	W7
	enleven	nbr.card	eleven (11)	W7
	leven	vb	to leave	W7
	lif	n	life	W7
	lively	adj	lively	W7
	liven	vb	to live	W7
	liver	n	liver	W7
	relayen	vb	to relay	W7
English:	aliphatic	adj	re: fat	AHD/W7
	delay	vb	to postpone, put off	AHD/W7
	eleven	nbr.card	11, lit. one left	AHD/W7
	leave	vb	to bequeath	AHD/W7
	life	n	quality distinguishing vital/functional being from dead body/inert matter	AHD/W7
	live	vb	to be alive, have plant/animal life	AHD/W7
	lively	adj	living	AHD/W7
	liver	n	glandular vertebrate organ secreting bile etc.	AHD/W7
	relay	vb.trans	to lay again, pass along to another	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	einlif	nbr.card	eleven (11)	W7
	lebēn	vb	to live	W7
	lebra	n	liver	W7
	verleiben	vb	to leave	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	leifa, leifað	vb	to leave, bequeath	LRC
	lifa, lifað	vb	to live	LRC
	líf	n.neut	life	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	aflifnan	vb.wk.IV	to remain	LRC
Italic
Latin:	caelebs	adj	unmarried	W7
	laxo, laxāre	vb	to loosen, slacken	W7
Old French:	delaier	vb	to postpone	W7
	laier	vb	to leave	W7
	laissier	vb	to leave, let go	W7
	relaier	vb	to relay	W7
Middle French:	relaier	vb	to relay	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	aleiphar, aleiphatos	n.neut	oil	W7
	aleiphw	vb	to smear	W7
	lipos	n.neut	fat	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
III	=	class 3
IV	=	class 4
adj	=	adjective
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)