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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. lendh- 'heath, steppe, open land'

Semantic Fields: Plain, Field; Earth, Land

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	land	n	open space	W7
English
Old English:	dūn-land	n.neut	hilly land, lit. down-land	ASD
	Gotland	prop.n.neut	lit. Goth-land	LRC
	Hālgo-land	prop.n.neut	Helgoland, district of Norway	ASD
	īgland	n.neut	island	W7
	Īraland	prop.n.neut	Ireland	LRC
	lond/land	n.str.neut	land, realm, country	LRC
	Scedeland	prop.n.neut	Danish land	LRC
	Swēoland	prop.n.neut	Sweden	LRC
Middle English:	island	n	island	W7
	land	n	land	W7
	Laon	n	France	W7
	lawn	n	lawn	W7
English:	auslander	n	alien, outsider, foreigner	AHD
	Bree-land	prop.n	highland area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Buckland	prop.n	Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Dunland	prop.n	hilly area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Helgoland	prop.n	North Sea island	W7
	hinterland	n	region behind coast	AHD/W7
	island	n	land (smaller than continent) surrounded by water	AHD/W7
	land	n	solid part of earth's surface	AHD/W7
	lawn	n	fine sheer plain-woven cotton/linen fabric	AHD/W7
	Northerland	prop.n	lands north of Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Sunlending	prop.n	a.k.a. Gondor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Tookland	prop.n	Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	uitlander	n	foreigner, lit. outlander	AHD
	Wilderland	prop.n	wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Woodland	prop.n	Sylvan Elves' realm in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Dutch:	eiland	n	island	TLL
	land	n	land, country	TLL
	platteland	n	countryside	TLL
Afrikaans:	uitlander	n	uitlander	AHD
Old High German:	lant	n.neut	land	W7
Middle High German:	lant	n	land	AHD
German:	Ausländer	n.masc	auslander	LRC
	ausländisch	adj	foreign, alien, exotic	LRC
	Hinterland	n.neut	hinterland	W7
	Land	n.neut	land	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	eyland	n.neut	island	W7
	land	n.neut	land	LRC
	landauðn	n.fem	depopulation	LRC
	landaurar	n.masc	land-dues (tax paid by Icelanders to king upon arrival in Norway)	LRC
Icelandic:	eyland	n	island	ASD
Danish:	land	n	land, country	TLL
Swedish:	land	n	land, country	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	land	n.str.neut	land, country	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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