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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: lento- 'lithe, flexible, pliable'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	lind	n.fem	linden	W7/ASD
	linden	adj	made of linden-wood	W7/ASD
	līð(e)	adj	lithe, mild; kind, gracious	W7/ASD
Middle English:	linden	n	linden	W7
	lithe	adj	lithe	W7
	relenten	vb	to relent	W7
English:	lantana	n	tropical shrub with small bright flowers	AHD/W7
	lentamente	adv	slowly	AHD/W7
	lentissimo	adv	very slowly	AHD/W7
	lento	adv	slowly	AHD/W7
	linden	n	tree with large cordate leaves	AHD/W7
	lithe	adj	soft, calm, gentle; agile, supple	AHD/W7
	rallentando	adv	with gradual decrease in tempo	AHD/W7
	relent	vb	to become less harsh/strict/severe	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	linde	n	linden	TLL
Old Saxon:	līδi	adj	lithe, gracious, pleasant	ASD
Old High German:	lind(e)	adj	lithe	ASD
	lindi	adj	gentle	W7
	linta	n	linden	ASD
German:	gelind(e)	adj	lithe, gracious, pleasant	ASD
	Linde	n	linden	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	linr	adj	lithe, yielding	ODE
Icelandic:	lind	n	linden; spear, shield	ASD
	linr	adj	lithe, gracious, pleasant	ASD
Danish:	lind	n	linden	TLL
Swedish:	lind	n	linden	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	galeiþan	vb.str.I	to go, come, travel	LRC
Italic
Latin:	lentus	adj	slow, pliant, sluggish	W7
New Latin:	lantana	n.fem	(genus name)	W7
Italian:	allentare	vb	to loosen, slow down	W7/CID
	lentamente	adv	slowly	W7
	lento, lentissimo	adj	slow(est)	W7
	rallentare	vb	to slow down	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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