The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: leubh- 'to like, love, care for'

Semantic Field: to Love; Love

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	alȳfan	vb	to allow	W7
	belēfan	vb	to believe	W7
	(ge)lēafa	n	belief	W7
	gelīefan, gelīefde, gelīefed	vb.wk.I	to grant; believe, trust	LRC
	lēaf	n	leave, permission	W7
	lēof	adj	lief	LRC
	līefan/lēfan/lȳfan	vb.wk.I	to allow, believe	W7
	lof-dǣd	n.str.fem	praiseworthy deed	LRC
	lufu	n	love	W7/ASD
Middle English:	beleave	n	belief	W7
	beleven	vb	to believe	W7
	leve	n	leave	W7
	l(i)ef	adj	lief	W7
	love	n	love	W7
	quodlibet	n	quodlibet	W7
English:	belief	n	state of mind: trust/confidence is placed in person/thing	AHD/W7
	believe	vb	to have firm religious faith	AHD/W7
	furlough	n	leave of absence	AHD/W7
	leave	n	permission	AHD/W7
	libido	n	passion, sexual desire	AHD/W7
	lief	adj	dear, beloved	AHD/W7
	livelong	adj	whole, entire	AHD/W7
	love	n	affection based on admiration/benevolence	AHD/W7
	quodlibet	n	whimsical combination of familiar texts/melodies	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gilouben	vb	to believe	W7
	liob	adj	lief	LRC
	lupa	n	love	W7
Middle High German:	loube	n	permission	W7
Middle Dutch:	lof	n	permission	W7
	verlof	n	permission	W7
Dutch:	verlof	n	permission	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	lof	n.neut	praise	LRC
	lofa, lofað	vb	to praise; allow, permit	LRC
Old Icelandic:	ljúfr	adj	lief	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	galáubjan	vb.wk.I	to believe	LRC
	liufs	adj	lief	LRC
Italic
Latin:	libet/lubet, libēre/lubēre	vb.impers	to please, be lief	W7
	libido	n.fem	libido	W7
	quilibet	pron	any whatever	W7
	quodlibet	pron.neut	whatever	W7
Medieval Latin:	quodlibetum	n.neut	subtle theological question posed for argument	W7
New Latin:	libido, libidinis	n.fem	passion, sexual desire	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	liaupsẽ	vb.ptc	praising	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ljubiti, ljubljǫ, ljubiši	vb	to love	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	laps	vb	to wish, want	LRC
Hellenic
Hesychius' Lexicon:	λυπτά	n	concubine, prostitute	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	lúbhyati	vb	to feel strong desire	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
impers	=	impersonal (verb)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)