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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: leud- 'to lout, bend over, duck down; bent, little, etc.'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; Crooked; Small, Little

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	lūtan	vb	to lout, bend	W7
	lȳt	n.neut	small/little number	LRC
	lȳtel	adj	little	LRC
	lȳtlian, lȳtlode, lȳtlod	vb.wk.II	to lessen, diminish, make little	LRC
Middle English:	littel	adj	little	W7
	loiteren	vb	to loiter	W7
	louten	vb	to lout	W7
English:	little	adj	small, not big/tall/large	AHD/W7
	loiter	vb.intrans	to linger, delay activity with idle/aimless stops/pauses	AHD/W7
	lout	n	oaf, awkward clownish fellow	AHD/W7
	lout	vb.intrans	to bow in respect/courtesy	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	luttil	adj	little	ASD
Old High German:	luz(z)il	adj	little	W7/ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	lūta	vb	to lout, bow down	W7
	lūtr	vb.ptc	bent down	W7
Icelandic:	lítill	adj	little	ASD
	lúta	vb	to lout, bow down	ASD
Danish:	lille	adj	little	TLL
Swedish:	liten	adj	little	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	leitils	adj	little	ASD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	liusti	vb	to be sad	W7
	liūdnas, liūdnà	adj	sad	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
intrans	=	intransitive
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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