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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: leup-, and leub-, leubh- 'to lift, peel, cut/break off, etc.'

Semantic Fields: to Flay, Skin; to Cut; to Break

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	lēaf	n.neut	leaf	W7/ASD
	loft	n	loft	W7
	lyft	n	lift	W7
Middle English:	aloft(e)	adv	aloft	W7/MEV
	leef	n	leaf	W7
	lift	n	lift	W7
	liften	vb	to lift	W7
	loft	n	loft	W7
	log(g)e	n	lodge	W7/ODE
English:	aloft	adv	in air, at/to great height	AHD/W7
	Goatleaf	prop.n	Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	goatleaf	n.arch	honeysuckle (in The Lay of the Honeysuckle)	LRC
	leaf	n	plant foliage	AHD/W7
	Leaflock	prop.n	Ent a.k.a. Finglas in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	lift	n	air, sky, heavens	AHD/W7
	lift	vb	to elevate, raise from lower to higher position	AHD/W7
	lobby	n	room(s) used for waiting/passage	W7
	lodge	n	hut, cottage, rude shelter/abode	AHD/W7
	loft	n	attic, room/floor above another	AHD/W7
	loge	n	small compartment, box in theater	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	lucht	n	air	TLL
Old High German:	loub	n	leaf	W7
	louba	n	porch, lobby	W7
	louppea	n	hut, booth, lobby, shady/sheltered place	ODE
	luft	n	lift	W7
Middle High German:	loube	n	hall, porch; lobby, balcony	ODE
German:	Laub	n.neut	leaf	LRC
	Laube	n.fem	lobby, alcove; arbor, trellis	LRC
	Lift	n.masc	elevator	LRC
	Luft	n.fem	lift	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	lopt	n.neut	lift; upper room	LRC
	lypta	vb	to lift, raise	W7
Danish:	loft	n	ceiling	TLL
	luft	n	lift	TLL
Swedish:	luft	n	lift	TLL
Italic
Middle Latin:	lobium	n	lobby, gallery	W7
Medieval Latin:	lobia/laubia	n	lobby	ODE
Portuguese:	loja	n	lodge	ODE
Old French:	loge	n	lodge; arbor, covered walk	AHD/ODE
French:	loge	n	loge, lodge	ODE
Provençal:	lotja	n	lodge	ODE
Italian:	loggia	n	lodge	ODE

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adv	=	adverb(ial)
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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