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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: mag̑- 'to knead, press, stroke'

Semantic Fields: to Knead; to Press; to Rub

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	macian	vb.wk	to make, do, prepare	W7/ASD
	mæcca	n.masc/fem	match, companion	W7/ASD
Middle English:	macche	n	match	W7
	maken	vb	to make	W7
	mason	n	mason	W7
	masse	n	mass	W7
English:	amass	vb.trans	to collect, gather together	AHD/W7
	magma	n	dregs, sediment	AHD/W7
	make, made	vb.irr.obs	to act, behave, seem to begin	AHD/W7
	makeup	n	composition, constitution, how parts/ingredients are melded	W7
	maquillage	n	(facial) cosmetics	AHD/W7
	mason	n	workman skilled with stone/similar material	AHD/W7
	mass	n	quantity/aggregate of matter	AHD/W7
	match	n	person/thing equal/similar to another	AHD/W7
	mazaedium	n	fruiting body of lichen	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	makia	vb	to make, do	ASD
Old Frankish:	amasser	vb	to amass, assemble	AHD
Dutch:	maken	vb	to make	LRC
Old Saxon:	makōn	vb	to make, do	ASD
Old High German:	mahhōn/machōn	vb	to make, prepare	W7/ASD
German:	machen	vb	to make, do	ASD
Italic
Latin:	massa	n.fem	mass, pile	W7
Old French:	maçon	n.masc	mason	W7
	masse	n	mass	W7
Middle French:	amasser	vb	to amass, combine	W7
	masse	n.fem	amount of matter	W7
French:	maquillage	n	maquillage	AHD/W7
Slavic
Old Slavic:	mazati	vb	to anoint	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	magma, magmatos	n.neut	thick unguent	W7
	maza	n.fem	mass, pile	W7
	massw	vb	to knead	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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