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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. mei- 'to change, mutate, exchange'

Semantic Fields: to Change; to Trade

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bimūtian	vb	to exchange for	W7
	gemǣne	adj	mean, common, general, universal	W7
Middle English:	azimut	n	azimuth	AHD
	commun	adj	common	W7
	communen	vb	to commune, administer Communion	W7
	excommunicaten	vb	to excommunicate	W7
	(i)mene	adj	mean, common, general, universal	W7
	mewe	n	mew	W7
	mouten	vb	to molt	W7
	mutual	adj	mutual	W7
	permuten	vb	to permute	W7
	senith	n	zenith	AHD
English:	azimuth	n	horizontal angle between object and reference point	AHD
	common	adj	public, re: community at large	AHD/W7
	commune	n	smallest administrative unit of country (esp. in Europe)	AHD/W7
	commune	vb.intrans	to converse; receive Communion	AHD/W7
	communicate	vb	to share	AHD/W7
	communion	n	act/instance of sharing	W7
	communism	n	political theory advocating private property elimination	AHD/W7
	emigrate	vb.intrans	to leave abode/country for life/residence elsewhere	AHD/W7
	excommunicate	vb.trans	to deprive of communication	AHD/W7
	immune	adj	free, exempt	AHD/W7
	incommunicado	adv	without means of communication	AHD/W7
	mean	adj	humble, lacking eminence/distinction	AHD/W7
	mew	n	coop, cage for hawks (esp. when molting)	AHD/W7
	mew	vb	to molt, cast feathers	ODE
	mews	n.pl	stables built around open court	ODE
	mo(u)lt	vb	to shed outer layer periodically	AHD/W7
	munificent	adj	generous, liberal in giving	AHD
	mutate	vb	to undergo change	AHD/W7
	mutual	adj	given/received in equal amounts	AHD/W7
	permute	vb.trans	to change order/arrangement of	AHD/W7
	remuda	n	herd of horses available for day	AHD/W7
	remunerate	vb.trans	to pay equivalent for	AHD/W7
	transmute	vb	to convert, change/alter in form/nature/appearance	AHD/W7
	zenith	n	point in sky directly above observer	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ge-mēne	adj	mean, common, mutual, general	ASD
Old Saxon:	gi-mēni	adj	mean, common, mutual, general	ASD
Old High German:	gi-meini/ga-meini	adj	mean, common, mutual, general	W7/ASD
German:	gemein	adj	mean, cruel, common	LRC
	mutieren	vb	to mutate	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	mein	n.neut	harm, hurt, pain, injury; plague, disease	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-mains	adj	mean, common, mutual, general	ASD
Italic
Latin:	commūnia	adj.neut.pl	common things	W7
	commūnicō, commūnicāre, commūnicāvī, commūnicātus	vb	to impart, participate	W7
	commūnis	adj	common	W7
	ēmīgrō, ēmīgrāre, ēmīgrāvī, ēmīgrātus	vb	to emigrate	W7
	immūnis	adj	free of obligations	W7
	mīgro, mīgrāre	vb	to migrate	W7
	mūnerō, mūnerāre	vb	to give	W7
	mūnus, mūneris	n.neut	official charge, service, obligation	W7
	mūto, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus	vb	to change	W7
	mūtuus	adj	lent, borrowed, mutual	W7
	permūto, permūtāre	vb	to exchange, interchange	W7
	remūnerō, remūnerāre, remūnerāvī, remūnerātus	vb	to recompense	W7
	sēmita	n.fem	footpath, narrow way	CLD
Late Latin:	commūnicō, communicāre	vb	to commune, communicate	W7
	excommūnico, excommūnicāre, excommūnicāvī, excommūnicātus	vb	to excommunicate	W7
Medieval Latin:	cenith	n	zenith	AHD
	commūnia	n.neut.pl	things owned in common	W7
Old Spanish:	zenit	n	zenith, way (of the head)	W7
Spanish:	comunicar	vb	to communicate	W7
	incomunicado	adj	without means of communication	W7
	incomunicar	vb	to deprive of communication	W7
	muda	n	mew	ODE
	remuda	n.fem	exchange	W7
Old French:	azimut	n	azimuth	AHD
	cenith	n	zenith	AHD
	commun	adj	common	W7
	mue	n	mew	ODE
	muer	vb	to molt, change	W7
Middle French:	cenith	n	zenith	W7
	comugne	n.fem	commune, community	W7
	comunier	vb	to converse, administer/receive Communion	W7
	mue	n.fem	molting	W7
	muer	vb	to molt, shed horns	W7
	mutuel	adj	mutual	W7
	permuter	vb	to permute	W7
French:	commun	adj	common	W7
	commune	n.fem	commune	W7
	communisme	n.masc	communism	W7
Italian:	muda	n	mew	ODE
Albanian
Albanian:	komunë	n.fem	commune, province	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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