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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. men- 'to rise, mount, tower'

Semantic Fields: to Rise; Tower

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	munt	n.masc	mount	W7/ASD
Middle English:	amounten	vb	to amount	W7
	demenen	vb	to demean	W7
	eminent	adj	eminent	W7
	menable	adj	amenable	AHD
	menace	n	menace	W7
	mount	n	mount	W7
	mountain	n	mountain	W7
	mounten	vb	to mount	W7
English:	amenable	adj	answerable, liable to be held to account	AHD/W7
	amount	n	aggregate, total number/quantity	W7
	amount	vb.intrans	to add up	AHD/W7
	demean	vb.trans	to behave/conduct oneself in proper manner	AHD/W7
	eminent	adj	conspicuous, standing out as readily noted/perceived	AHD/W7
	Fire-mountain	prop.n	Orodruin, a.k.a. Mount Doom in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	imminent	adj	ready to take place	AHD/W7
	menace	n	threat, intention to inflict harm	AHD/W7
	menace	vb	to threaten, show intention to harm	W7
	minacious	adj	menacing, threatening	AHD
	minatorial	adj	minacious	AHD
	minatory	adj	minacious	AHD
	mons	n	protuberance of human body	AHD
	montane	adj	re: mountain areas	AHD
	monte	n	card game	AHD/W7
	monticule	n	little mount	AHD/W7
	mount	n	mountain, high hill	AHD/W7
	mount	vb	to increase in extent/amount	AHD/W7
	mountain	n	land mass higher than hill projecting conspicuously above surroundings	AHD/W7
	paramount	adj	of chief concern/importance	AHD
	promenade	n	leisurely walk/ride in public place for display/pleasure	AHD/W7
	prominent	adj	protuberant, projecting/standing out from line/surface	AHD/W7
	promontory	n	headland, high point of rock/land projecting into water	AHD/W7
	ultramontane	adj	re: peoples/countries beyond mountains	AHD/W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	moena	vb	to mount, project	W7
Italic
Latin:	emineo, eminēre	vb	to stand out	W7
	immineo, imminēre	vb	to project, menace imminently	W7
	minacia	n.fem	menace	W7
	minaciter	adv	threateningly	LRC
	minax, minacis	adj	minacious	W7
	mineo, minēre	vb	to menace	W7
	mino, mināre	vb	to menace, drive away	W7
	minor, mināri	vb.dep	to menace	W7/ELD
	mons, montis	n.masc	mountain	LRC
	montanus	adj	re: mountain	W7
	prominens, prominentis	adj	important, standing out	W7
	promineo, prominēre	vb	to jut forth/forward	W7
	promino, promināre	vb	to drive forward	W7
	promonturium, promunturium	n.neut	promontory	W7
Vulgar Latin:	montaneus	adj	re: mountain	W7
	monto, montāre	vb	to climb up	W7
Late Latin:	monticulus	n.masc.dim	monticule, small heap	W7
Medieval Latin:	ultramontanus	adj	ultramontane	W7
Spanish:	monte	n.masc	mountain	W7
Old French:	amener	vb	to lead to	W7
	amont	adv	upward	AHD
	amont	n.masc	upper waters	W7
	amonter	vb	to amount	W7
	demener	vb	to conduct	W7
	menable	adj	amenable	AHD
	mener	vb	to drive, lead	W7
	mont	n.masc	mountain	W7
	montaigne	n.fem	mountain	W7
Anglo-French:	amenable	adj	amenable, nice	W7
Middle French:	amener	vb	to lead up	W7
	eminent	adj	eminent	W7
	menace	n.fem	threat	W7
	monter	vb	to climb up	W7
French:	mener	vb	to lead	W7
	monticule	n.masc	very small hill	W7
	promenade	n.fem	promenade, tour	W7
	promener	vb	to take for a walk	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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