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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. men- 'to think; mind, spiritual activity'

Semantic Fields: to Think, Reflect; Mind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	domoiniur	vb	to think, believe	LRC
English
Old English:	gemynd	n	mind, memory	W7
	gemyndig	adj	mindful	LRC
	manian, manode, manod	vb.wk.II	to warn, exhort, admonish	LRC
Middle English:	admonesten	vb	to admonish	W7
	comment	n	comment	W7
	-mancie	n.sfx	-mancy	W7
	mania	n	mania	W7
	memento	n	memento	W7
	mencioun	n	mention	W7
	mind	n	mind	W7
	mones(t)en	vb	to monish	W7
	monicioun	n	monition	W7
	monument	n	monument	W7
	musik	n	music	W7
	musycke	n	mosaic	W7
	somonen	vb	to summon	W7
English:	admonish	vb.trans	to indicate duties/obligations to	AHD/W7
	ament	n	indeterminate spicate inflorescence	AHD/W7
	amnesia	n	loss of memory due to shock/fatigue/illness/injury/repression	AHD/W7
	amnesty	n	grant of pardon to group of individuals	AHD/W7
	anamnesis	n	reminiscence, recalling to mind	AHD/W7
	automatic	adj	largely/wholly involuntary	AHD/W7
	comment	n	explanatory treatise/record of events	AHD/W7
	Eumenides	prop.n.pl	female chthonic deities of vengeance (Greek mythology)	LRC
	maenad	n	bacchante, woman participating in orgiastic Dionysian rites	AHD/W7
	-mancy	n.sfx	divination	AHD/W7
	mania	n	excitement shown by mental/physical hyperactivity	AHD/W7
	maniac	adj	affected with/suggestive of madness	AHD/W7
	mantic	adj	prophetic, re: faculty of divination	AHD/W7
	mantis	n	predatory insect	AHD/W7
	mantra	n	mystical formula of invocation/incantation (Hinduism and Buddhism)	AHD/W7
	memento	n	something serving to warn/remind	AHD/W7
	mental	adj	re: mind	AHD/W7
	mention	n	act/instance of citing/calling attention in casual/incidental manner	AHD/W7
	mind	n	memory, recollection	AHD/W7
	minikin	n	small/dainty creature	AHD/W7
	mnemonic	adj	re: assisting memory	AHD/W7
	Mnemosyne	prop.n	personification of memory, Titan daughter of Gaia/Uranus (Greek mythology)	LRC
	monish	vb.trans	to admonish	AHD/W7
	monition	n	caution, warning	AHD/W7
	monitor	n	student appointed to assist teacher	AHD/W7
	monument	n	sepulcher, burial vault	AHD/W7
	mosaic	n	surface decoration made with pieces of material forming picture/pattern	AHD/W7
	Muse	prop.n	a goddess of art/science/music/poetry (Greek mythology)	AHD
	museum	n	institution for procuring/displaying interesting objects of value	AHD/W7
	music	n	art/science of composing intelligible combinations of tones	AHD/W7
	premonition	n	forewarning, previous warning/notice	AHD/W7
	reminiscent	adj	re: reminiscence, recalling to mind	AHD/W7
	summon	vb.trans	to convoke, issue call to convene	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gimunt	n	mind, memory	W7
Dutch:	minneken	n	darling, minikin	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	muna	vb	to remember	LRC
	munu	vb	to will, be about to	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gamunds	n	memory, remembrance	LRC
	munan	vb	to think	LRC
Italic
Latin:	admoneo, admonēre	vb	to warn	W7
	commentum	n.neut	invention	W7
	comminiscor, comminiscī, commentus	vb.dep	to invent, to imagine	W7
	Eumenides	prop.n.fem.pl	Eumenides	W7
	maenas, maenadis	n.fem	maenad	W7
	-mantia	sfx	divination	W7
	memini, meminisse	vb	to remember	W7
	mens, mentis	n.fem	mind	LRC
	mentio, mentionis	n.fem	a mention, act of mentioning	W7
	-minisci	sfx	remembering	W7
	Mnemosyne	prop.n.fem	Mnemosyne, personification of Memory	W7
	moneo, monēre, monuī, monitus	vb	to warn	W7
	monitio, monitionis	n.fem	act of warning	W7
	monitor	n.masc	one who warns	W7
	monumentum	n.neut	memorial	W7
	Musa	prop.n.fem	Muse	W7
	Museum	n.neut	place for learned occupation	W7
	musica	n.fem	music	W7
	praemoneo, praemonēre, praemonuī, praemonitus	vb	to warn in advance	W7
	reminiscor, reminisci	vb.dep	to remember	W7
	summoneo, summonēre	vb	to remind secretly	W7
Vulgar Latin:	admonesto, admonestare	vb	to admonish	W7
	monesto, monestare	vb	to warn, admonish	W7
	summoneo, summonere	vb	to summon	W7
Late Latin:	mania	n.fem	folly	W7
	maniacus	adj	crazy	W7
	mentalis	adj	of the mind	W7
	musivus	adj	of a muse, artistic	W7
	praemonitio, praemonitionis	n.fem	premonition, warning	W7
Medieval Latin:	musaicum	n.neut	mosaic	W7
New Latin:	amentum	adj.neut	mad	W7
	amnesia	n.fem	amnesia	W7
	anamnesis	n.fem	remembrance	W7
	mantis	n.fem	an insect	W7
Old Italian:	mosaico	n.masc	mosaic	W7
Old French:	-mancie	afx	divination	W7
	mention	n.fem	a mention	W7
	monester	vb	to admonish, to warn	W7
	musique	n.fem	music	W7
	somondre	vb	to summon	W7
Middle French:	admonester	vb	to admonish	W7
	monition	n.fem	warning	W7
	mosaique	n.fem	mosaic	W7
	premonition	n.fem	premonition	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	manýti, mãno, mãnė	vb	to think	LRC
	minėti, mìni, minėjo	vb	to remember	LRC
	mintìs	n.fem	thought	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	mьněti, mьnjǫ, mьniši	vb	to think, believe	LRC
	pamętь	n.fem	memory	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	amnēsia	n.fem	forgetfulness	W7
	amnēstia	n.fem	forgetfulness	W7
	amnēstos	adj	forgotten	W7
	anamimnēskesthai	vb	to remember	W7
	anamnēsis	n.fem	remembrance	W7
	αὐτόματος	adj	by itself, self-acting	LRC
	δυσμένεια	n.fem	enmity, hate	LRC
	mainas, mainados	n.fem	maenad	W7
	mainomai	vb	to be mad	W7
	mania	n.fem	craziness	W7
	manikos	adj	crazy	W7
	-manteia	sfx	divination	W7
	manteia	n.fem	divination	W7
	mantikos	adj	of divination	W7
	mantis	n.masc	prophet, diviner	W7
	-matos	sfx	moving	W7
	menos	n.neut	spirit	W7
	μῆνις	n.fem	anger	LRC
	mimnēskomai	vb	to remember	W7
	mnaomai	vb	to remember	W7
	μνημεῖον	n.neut	tomb	LRC
	mnēmonikos	adj	of memory	W7
	Mnēmosynē	prop.n.fem	Mnemosyne	W7
	mnēmōn	adj	mindful	W7
	Mousa	prop.n.fem	Muse	W7
	Mouseion	prop.n.neut	the Museum	W7
	Mouseios	prop.n.masc	Mousaios	W7
	mousikē	n.fem	any art presided over by the Muses	W7
	mousikos	adj	of the Muses	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	me-mai	vb	to speak	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	imanam	vb	to learn, understand	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	manyeite	vb	to think	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	mánas	n	mind	LRC
	mantra	n	mantra, sacred counsel	W7
	má(n)yate	vb	to think	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
afx	=	affix
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)