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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. menth- 'to chew, eat'

Semantic Field: to Eat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	mūð	n.masc	mouth	LRC
	mūða	n.masc	mouth of a river, estuary	LRC
Middle English:	blancmanger	n	blancmange	W7
	mange(ou)r	n	manger	W7
	manjewe	n	mange	W7
	mouth	n	mouth	W7
English:	blancmange	n	dessert made from milk and starchy/gelatinous substances	AHD/W7
	mandible	n	jaw	AHD/W7
	mange	n	persistent contagious skin disease	AHD/W7
	manger	n	trough/box holding livestock feed/fodder	AHD/W7
	masseter	n	large muscle that closes lower jaw	AHD/W7
	masticate	vb	to chew, grind/crush (food) with teeth	AHD/W7
	mental	adj	genial, re: chin	AHD/W7
	mostaccioli	n	short pasta tubes with slanted ends	AHD
	m(o)ustache	n	hair grown/groomed on upper lip	AHD
	mouth	n	opening for food passing into animal's body	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	muth/mund	n	mouth	ASD
Dutch:	mond	n	mouth	TLL
Old Saxon:	mūð	n	mouth	ASD
Old High German:	mund	n	mouth	W7
German:	Mund	n.masc	mouth	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	munni	n	mouth (of cave, etc.)	ASD
	munnr/múðr	n	mouth	ASD
Danish:	mund	n	mouth	TLL
Swedish:	mun	n	mouth	TLL
	mustasch	n	moustache	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	munþs	n	mouth	ASD
Italic
Latin:	mando, mandere	vb	to chew	W7
	manduco, manducare	vb	to chew, devour	W7
	manducus	n.masc	glutton	W7
	mentum	n.neut	chin	W7
Late Latin:	mandibula	n.fem	mandible	W7
	mastico, masticāre, masticāvī, masticātus	vb	to masticate	W7
Middle French:	maingeure	n.fem	manger	W7
	mandibule	n.fem	mandible (of insect)	W7
	mangene	n.fem	mange, itching	W7
	mangier	vb	to eat	W7
Hellenic
Doric:	μυστάξ	n	upper lip	AHD
Greek:	masaomai	vb	to chew	W7
	masētēr	adj	one who chews	W7
	mastax	n.fem	mouth, jaws	W7
	mastichaw	vb	to masticate, make noise with teeth	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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