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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: mōd- : məd-, or mād- : məd- 'to meet, approach'

Semantic Field: to Meet

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gemōt	n.neut	moot, gemot, council	LRC
	māl/mǣl	n	pay, agreement	W7
	maðelian, maðelode, maðelod	vb.wk.II	to speak, address, harangue	LRC
	mētan, mētte, mēted	vb.wk.I	to meet, come upon	LRC
	mōt	n	moot	W7
Middle English:	maille/male	n	mail	W7
	meten	vb	to meet	W7
	moot	n	moot	W7
English:	blackmail	n	tribute exacted for immunity from pillage	AHD/W7
	Entmoot	prop.n	Ent gathering in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	folkmoot	n	general assembly of shire residents	AHD/W7
	gemot	n	Anglo-Saxon judicial/legislative assembly (before Norman conquest)	AHD/W7
	mail	n	rent, payment	AHD/W7
	meet, met	vb	to find, come into presence of	AHD/W7
	moot	n	deliberative meeting/assembly	AHD/W7
	Shire-moot	prop.n	Shire meeting in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Waymeet	prop.n	Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	witenagemot	n	council of the wise	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	mēta	vb	to meet, find	ASD
Old Saxon:	mōtian	vb	to meet, find	ASD
Old High German:	muoz	n	moot	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	mál	n.neut	speech, tale; agreement, information; period of time	LRC
	mót	n	moot	LRC
	mæla, mælat	vb	to speak	LRC
Icelandic:	mœta	vb	to meet, find	ASD
Danish:	imod	prep	toward	TLL
Swedish:	emot	prep	toward	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-mōtjan	vb	to meet, find	ASD
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	matč'im	vb	to approach	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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