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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ok^u̯- 'to see; eye'

Semantic Fields: to See; Eye

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	æt-iewan	vb.wk	to appear, show	GED
	ēage	n	eye	W7
Northumbrian:	ēawa	vb.wk	to appear, show	GED
Mercian:	ēawan	vb.wk	to appear, show	GED
Middle English:	aunteler	n	antler	W7
	dropesie	n	dropsy	W7
	eye	n	eye	W7
	inoculaten	vb	to insert bud in plant	W7
	oilet	n	eyelet	W7
	pirope	n	type of garnet	W7
	ulage	n	ullage, empty part of container	W7
	wawil-eghed	adj	walleyed	W7
	windowe	n	window	W7
	ydropesie	n	dropsy, edema	W7
English:	antler	n	solid deciduous deer horn	AHD/W7
	autopsy	n	postmortem examination	AHD/W7
	catoptric	adj	re: mirror/reflected light	AHD/W7
	diopter	n	optical instrument	AHD/W7
	diopter	n	unit of measurement: lens refractive power	AHD/W7
	dropsy	n	edema	AHD/W7
	exophthalmos	n	abnormal protrusion of eyeball	AHD/W7
	eye	n	organ of sight	AHD/W7
	eyelet	n	small hole to receive cord	AHD/W7
	inoculate	vb.trans	to communicate disease by introducing causative agent into tissue	AHD/W7
	inveigle	vb.trans	to entice, win over by flattery	AHD/W7
	iodopsin	n	photosensitive violet pigment in retinal cones	AHD/W7
	metope	n	space between triglyphs of Doric frieze	AHD/W7
	monocle	n	eyeglass for one eye	AHD/W7
	myopia	n	defective vision re: distant objects	AHD/W7
	ocellus	n	minute simple eye(spot) of invertebrate	AHD/W7
	ocular	adj	done/perceived by eye	AHD/W7
	oculist	n	ophthalmologist	AHD/W7
	ogle	vb	to look with amorous invitation	AHD/W7
	ommatidium	n	small simple eye, part of compound arthropod eye	AHD/W7
	-opsis	n.sfx	structure resembling (some) thing	AHD/W7
	-opsy	n.sfx	examination	AHD/W7
	optic	adj	re: eye/vision	AHD/W7
	optometry	n	art/profession of examining eye for defects	AHD/W7
	Pelops	prop.n	son of Tantalus served as food to the gods by his father (Greek mythology)	LRC
	phlogopite	n	red/brown form of mica	AHD/W7
	pinochle	n	game played with 48-card pack	AHD/W7
	prosopopoeia	n	figure of speech with absent/imaginary person represented as acting/speaking	AHD/W7
	pyrope	n	magnesium-aluminum garnet gemstone	AHD/W7
	rhodopsin	n	red photosensitive pigment in retinal rods of fishes/vertebrates	AHD/W7
	synopsis	n	abstract, condensed outline/statement	AHD/W7
	ullage	n	amount by which container lacks being full	AHD/W7
	walleyed	adj	re: having whitish iris	AHD/W7
	window	n	opening in wall to admit air/light	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	ouga	n	eye	W7
	ougan, auckan	vb.wk	to show	GED
Middle High German:	z-öugen	vb.wk	to show	GED
	z-ounen	vb.wk	to show	GED/IEW
German:	Binokel	n	game resembling bezique	W7
Old Saxon:	ōgian	vb.wk	to show	GED
Low German:	oegeln	vb	to see	W7
	oog	n	eye	W7
Old Frankish:	t-oeghen	vb.wk	to show	GED
Middle Dutch:	t-oenen	vb.wk	to show	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	auga	n	eye	W7
	eygr	adj	eyed	W7
	vagl-eygr	adj	walleyed	W7
	vindauga	n	window	W7
Old Icelandic:	eygja	vb.wk	to show	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*augjan	vb.wk.I	to show	GED
	áugō	n.wk.neut	eye	LRC
Italic
Latin:	hydrops	n.masc	dropsy	W7
	inoculo, inoculare, inoculavi, inoculatus	vb	to graft in	W7
	ocellus	n.masc	small eye	W7
	oculus, oculi	n.masc	eye	LRC
	Pelops	n.masc	Pelops	W7
	prosopopoeia	n.fem	figure of rhetoric	W7
	pyropus	n.masc	red bronze	W7
Vulgar Latin:	anteocularis	adj	located before the eye	W7
	anteoculo, anteoculāre	vb	to put before one's eyes	W7
Late Latin:	monoculus	adj	having one eye	W7
	ocularis	adj	of the eyes	W7
	synopsis	n.fem	overview	W7
Medieval Latin:	opticus	adj	of sight	W7
New Latin:	myopia	n.fem	defective vision re: distant objects	W7
	ocellus	n.masc.dim	eye(spot) of invertebrate	W7
	ommatidium	n.neut	part of compound arthropod eye	W7
Old French:	avogle	adj	blind	W7
	avogler	vb	to make blind	W7
	ouil	n.masc	eye, bunghole	W7
	ydropesie	n.fem	hydropsy	W7
Middle French:	antoillier	adj	located before the eye	W7
	aveugler	vb	to blind, hoodwink	W7
	dioptre	n.masc	diopter	W7
	eullage	n.masc	act of filling cask	W7
	eullier	vb	to fill a cask	W7
	oil	n.masc	eye	W7
	oillet	n.masc.dim	small eye, flower	W7
	optique	adj	re: sight	W7
	pirope	n.fem	a red gem	W7
French:	binocle	n.masc	pair of eye-glasses	W7
	monocle	n.masc	single eye-glass	W7
	oculiste	n.masc	oculist	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	akìs	n.fem	eye	LRC
Latvian:	acs	n.fem	eye	LRC
	uzacs	n.fem	eyebrow	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	oko	n.neut	eye	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	autopsia	n.fem	act of seeing with one's own eyes	W7
	exophthalmos	adj	having prominent eyes	W7
	katoptrikos	adj	catoptric	W7
	katoptron	n.neut	mirror	W7
	katopsomai	vb	to be going to observe	W7
	metopē	n.fem	metope	W7
	myōpia	n.fem	myopia	W7
	myōps, myōpos	adj	having half-shut eyes	W7
	omma, ommatos	n.neut	eye	W7
	opē	n.fem	opening	W7
	optikos	adj	of sight	W7
	ophthalmos	n.masc	eye	W7
	-opsia	sfx	looking like	W7
	opsis	n.fem/sfx	appearance; having the likeness of	W7
	opsomai	vb	to be going to see	W7
	πρόσωπον	n.neut	mask, person, face	LRC
	prosōpopoiia	n.fem	figure of rhetoric	W7
	pyrōpos	adj	fiery-eyed	W7
	σύνοπτος	adj	visible	LRC
	synopsis	n.fem	comprehensive view	W7
	hydrōps	n.masc	dropsy	W7
	phlogōpos	adj	fiery-looking	W7
	ōps	n.fem	eye, face	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)