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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. op- 'to work, perform, operate, bring about'

Semantic Field: to Work, Toil

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	efnan	vb.wk	to perform	W7/ASD
Middle English:	copie	n	copy	W7
	copious	adj	copious	W7
	enuren	vb	to inure	W7
	manouren	vb	to manure	W7
	stover	n	stover	W7
	ure	n	use, custom	W7
English:	cooperate	vb.intrans	to act/work with another/others	AHD/W7
	copious	adj	rich, yielding in abundance	AHD/W7
	copy	n	transcript/imitation/reproduction of original (text/engraving/photograph)	AHD/W7
	cornucopia	n	lit. horn of plenty	AHD/W7
	inure	vb	to habituate, accustom to accept something not desirable	AHD/W7
	maneuver	n	military/naval evolution	AHD/W7
	manure	vb.trans	to till, cultivate	AHD/W7
	officinal	adj	available without special preparation/compounding	AHD/W7
	omni-	pfx	all	AHD
	omnibus	n	bus, large vehicle for public transportation	AHD/W7
	omnium-gatherum	n	hodgepodge, miscellaneous collection	AHD/W7
	opera	n	drama set to vocal music	AHD/W7
	operate	vb	to function, perform work/labor	AHD/W7
	operator	n	worker, one who operates (something)	LRC
	operose	adj	diligent, laborious	AHD/W7
	optimal	adj	most desirable/satisfactory	W7
	optimum	n	most favorable degree/amount/condition	AHD
	opulent	adj	re: wealth/plenty/affluence	AHD/W7
	opus	n	work	AHD/W7
	stover	n	fodder	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	copia, copiae	n.fem	wealth, abundance	LRC
	copiosus, copiosa, copiosum	adj	rich, abundant	LRC
	officina	n.fem	workshop	W7
	omnis, omnis, omne	adj	all	LRC
	opera, operae	n.fem	opus, service, exertion	LRC
	operarius	n	operator	TLL
	operor, operari, operatus	vb.dep	to operate	W7
	operosus	adj	laborious	W7
	opifex, opificis	n.masc/fem	workman	W7
	ops, opis	n.fem	aid, support, assistance	LRC
	opulentus	adj	rich	W7
	opus, operis	n.neut	opus	LRC
Late Latin:	cooperor, cooperari, cooperatus	vb.dep	to work together	W7
	cornucopia	n.fem	horn of plenty	W7
Medieval Latin:	copia	n.fem	copy; multitude	W7
	manuopera	n.neut.pl	work done by hand	W7
	officina	n.fem	storeroom	W7
	officinalis	adj	of a storeroom	W7
Portuguese:	obreiro	n	operator	TLL
Spanish:	obrero	n	operator	TLL
Old French:	estoveir	vb	to be necessary	W7
	maneuvre	n.fem	work done by hand	W7
Anglo-French:	estovers	n.masc.pl	necessary supplies	W7
Middle French:	copie	n.fem	copy	W7
	manouvrer	vb	to work by hand	W7
	uevre	n.fem	work, practice	W7
French:	manoeuvre	n.fem	maneuver	W7
	omnibus	n.masc	ancient public transportation device	W7
	ouvrier	n	operator	TLL
Italian:	òpera	n.fem	work, action, performance; opera	W7
	operaio	n	operator	TLL
Indic
Sanskrit:	apas	n	opus	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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