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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. pek̑- 'to fleece; cattle'

Semantic Fields: Wool; Cattle, Bovines

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	feoh	n.str.neut	cattle: goods, money, property	LRC
	feoh-gift	n.fem	money-gift, lit. cattle-gift	LRC
	feoh-lēas	adj	moneyless, lit. without cattle	LRC
	feohtan, feaht, fuhton, fohten	vb.str.III	to fight	LRC
	fēolaga	n	fellow, partner, lit. money-layer	W7
Middle English:	enfeoffen	vb	to enfeoff	W7
	fee	n	fee	W7
	felawe	n	fellow	W7
	feoffement	n	feoffment	W7
	fighten	vb	to fight	W7
	impecunious	adj	impecunious	W7
	peculier	adj	peculiar	W7
	pecunious	adj	pecunious	W7
English:	ctenoid	adj	having a toothed margin	AHD/W7
	ctenophore	n	marine animal resembling jellyfish	AHD/W7
	enfeoff	vb.trans	to invest with fief/fee/other possession	AHD/W7
	fee	n	land/estate held from feudal lord on condition of service/homage	AHD/W7
	fellow	n	comrade, associate	AHD/W7
	feoffment	n	granting a fee	AHD/W7
	feud	n	fee	AHD/W7
	fight	vb	to contend in battle/physical combat	AHD/W7
	impecunious	adj	penniless, having little/no money	AHD/W7
	pecten	n	body part resembling comb	AHD/W7
	peculate	vb.trans	to embezzle	AHD/W7
	peculiar	adj	belonging exclusively to single person/group	AHD/W7
	pecuniary	adj	re: money	AHD/W7
	pecunious	adj	(obs.) rich	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	fehtan	vb	to fight	W7
	fīhu	n	cattle	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	fēlag(i)	n	fellowship, partnership	W7
	fé	n.neut	cattle, sheep; money, possessions	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	faihu	n	cattle, possessions	LRC
Italic
Latin:	pecten, pectinis	n.masc	comb	W7
	pecto, pectere	vb	to comb	W7
	pecu	n.neut	cattle	W7
	pecūlātus	n.masc	corruption, embezzlement	W7
	pecūliāris	adj	re: private property	W7
	pecūlium	n.neut	private property	W7
	peculor, peculāri	vb.dep	to defraud the State	W7
	pecūnia, pecūniae	n.fem	wealth, riches	LRC
	pecūniārius	adj	re: money	W7
	pecūniōsus	adj	rich, wealthy	W7
	pecus	n.neut	cattle	W7
Medieval Latin:	feodum	n.neut	treatise	W7
Old French:	fief	n.masc	land, castle, property	W7
Anglo-French:	enfeoffer	vb	to enfeoff	W7
	feoffement	n.masc	feoffment	W7
	feoffer	vb	to invest with a fee	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pẽkus	n	cattle	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	kteis	n.masc	comb	W7
	kten-	pfx	comb	W7
	ktenoeidēs	adj	comb-like	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	fšu-	n	cattle	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	pā́śu-	n	cattle	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)