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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2a. pel-, pelə- : plā- 'to drive, propel, set in motion'

Semantic Field: to Drive

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	an-filt/on-filt	n	anvil	ASD
	felt	n.masc	felt	ASD
Middle English:	anfilt	n	anvil	W7
	appel	n	appeal, accusation	W7
	appelen	vb	to appeal, accuse	W7
	compellen	vb	to compel	W7
	expellen	vb	to expel	W7
	felt	n	felt	W7
	filtre	n	filter	W7
	peal	n	peal	W7
	pelten	vb	to pelt	W7
	polisshen	vb	to polish	W7
	propellen	vb	to propel	W7
	puls	n	pulse	W7
	pusshen	vb	to push	W7
	repelen	vb	to repeal	W7
	repellen	vb	to repel	W7
English:	anvil	n	heavy iron block where metal is shaped	AHD/W7
	appeal	vb	to accuse, charge with crime	AHD/W7
	catapult	n	device for hurling missiles	AHD/W7
	compel	vb.trans	to constrain, drive/urge with force	AHD/W7
	compellation	n	act of addressing someone	AHD/W7
	dispel	vb.trans	to dissipate, drive away by scattering	AHD/W7
	expel	vb.trans	to force out	AHD/W7
	felt	n	thick cloth made of wool/fur via heat/moisture/pressure	AHD/W7
	filter	n	porous substance through which gas/liquid is passed to extract matter in suspension	AHD/W7
	filtrate	vb	to filter	AHD/W7
	impel	vb.trans	to force, urge/drive on/forward via moral pressure	AHD/W7
	impulse	n	impulsion, act of moving with sudden force	AHD/W7
	interpolate	vb	to alter/corrupt (text) by inserting new/foreign content	AHD/W7
	peal	n	loud ringing of bell(s)	AHD/W7
	pelt	vb	to strike with succession of blows/missiles	AHD/W7
	plesiosaur	n	Mesozoic marine reptile	AHD/W7
	polish	vb	to burnish, make smooth/glossy (by friction)	AHD/W7
	poussette	n	country-dance figure with joined hands	AHD
	propel	vb.trans	to drive forward/onward	AHD/W7
	pulsate	vb.intrans	to beat, exhibit pulse	AHD/W7
	pulse	n	regular throbbing in arteries caused by heart.contractions	AHD/W7
	push	vb	to press against in order to drive/impel	AHD/W7
	rappel	n	descent of cliff using rope	AHD/W7
	repeal	vb.trans	to annul/rescind by authoritative act	AHD/W7
	repel	vb	to repulse, drive back	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	aanbeeld/aenbeld	n.neut	anvil	ASD
	pols	n	wrist	TLL
	vilt	n.neut	felt	ASD
Low German:	ambolt/ambult	n.masc	anvil	ASD
	filt	n.masc	felt	ASD
Old High German:	anafalz	n	anvil	W7
	filz	n.masc	felt	ASD
Middle High German:	vilz	n.masc	felt	ASD
German:	Amboss	n.masc	anvil	LRC
	Filz	n.masc/neut	felt, carded wool	ASD
N-Germanic
Danish:	bugsera	vb	to tow, haul	SAO
	bugserbaad	n	tugboat	TLL
	filt	n.masc/fem	felt	ASD
Swedish:	bogsera	vb	to tow, haul	SAO
	bogserbåt	n	tugboat	TLL
	filt	n.masc	felt	ASD
	filta	vb	to beat	W7
Italic
Latin:	appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum	vb	to call, accost, appeal to	LRC
	appello, appellere	vb	to bring/drive to	W7
	catapulta	n.fem	catapult	W7
	compellatio	n.fem	action of rebuking, reprimanding	W7
	compellatus	vb.ptc	rebuked, addressed	W7
	compello, compellere	vb	to drive, oblige, address	W7
	dispello, dispellere	vb	to drive in different directions	W7
	expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum	vb	to drive out	LRC
	impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum	vb	to drive, move	LRC
	impulsus	n.masc	impulsion	W7
	impulsus	vb.ptc	impelled	W7
	interpolatus	vb.ptc	interpolated	W7
	interpolo, interpolare	vb	to alter, refurbish, interpolate	W7
	pello, pellere	vb	to beat, push, chase/drive out/away	W7
	polio, polīre	vb	to level, polish	W7
	propello, propellere	vb	to drive forward/away	W7
	prōpulsō, prōpulsāre, prōpulsāvī, prōpulsātum	vb	to repulse, ward off	LRC
	pulsatus	vb.ptc	striken	W7
	pulsō, pulsāre	vb	to beat, hit, strike	W7
	pulsus	n.masc	beating	W7
	pulsus	vb.ptc	beaten, striken	W7
	repello, repellere	vb	to drive away	W7
Medieval Latin:	filtō, filtāre	vb	to filter	W7
	filtratus	vb.ptc	filtrated	W7
	filtrum	n.neut	(felt used as) filter	W7
Portuguese:	puxar	vb	to pull	SAO
Old French:	apeler	vb	to appeal, call to	W7
	polir	vb	to polish	W7
	poulser	vb	to beat, push	W7
	rapel	n.masc	a recall	W7
	rapeler	vb	to recall	W7
	repeler	vb	to repeal	W7
Middle French:	apeler	vb	to appeal, call to	W7
	catapulte	n.fem	catapult	W7
	compellir	vb	to drive, oblige	W7
	pouls	n.masc	pulse	W7
	repeler	vb	to repeal	W7
French:	rappel	n.masc	encore	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πάλλω	vb	to hurl, swing, brandish	LRC
	πέλας	prep/adv	near(by)	LRC
	πλήν	prep	except	LRC
	πλησίος	adj	near, close	LRC
Greek:	katapaltēs	n.masc	catapult	W7
	παραπλήσιος	adj	such-like	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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