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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: pent- 'to go, walk, pad, tread; way, path'

Semantic Fields: to Go; to Walk; Path

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	findan, fond, fundon, funden	vb.str.III	to find	LRC
	onfindan, onfond, onfundon, onfunden	vb.str.III	to find out, realize	LRC
	pæþ/paþ	n.masc	path, track	ASD
	punt	n	punt	W7
Middle English:	finden	vb	to find	W7
	path	n	path	W7
	punt	n	punt	W7
English:	find, found	vb.str	to discover, encounter, come upon	AHD/W7
	footpad	n	one who robs pedestrians	AHD/W7
	Fundin	prop.n	Balin's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	pad	n	highwayman	W7
	pad	vb	to traverse on foot	AHD/W7
	path	n	trodden way	AHD/W7
	peripatetic	adj	Aristotelian	AHD/W7
	pons	n	tissue connecting body organ parts	AHD
	pontifex	n	member of Roman Catholic priest council	W7
	pontiff	n	pontifex	AHD/W7
	pontine	adj	re: pons/bridges	AHD
	pontoon	n	flat-bottomed boat	AHD/W7
	punt	n	pontoon with square ends	AHD/W7
	sputnik	n	satellite	AHD/W7
	transpontine	adj	situated on other side of bridge	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	finna	vb	to find	ASD
	path/paed	n	path	ASD
Frisian:	fynnen	vb	to find	ASD
Middle Dutch:	pad	n	path	W7
	paden	vb	to pad, follow a path	W7
Dutch:	pad	n	path	TLL
	vinden	vb	to find	ASD
Old Saxon:	findan	vb	to find	ASD
Low German:	finnen	vb	to find	ASD
Old High German:	findan	vb	to find	ASD
	pfad	n	path	W7
Middle High German:	vinden	vb	to find	ASD
German:	finden	vb	to find	ASD
	Pfad	n.masc	path	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	finna	vb	to find, meet; invent; notice, perceive	ICE
	Fundinn	prop.n	Voluspa dwarf	TPE
	fundinn	vb.past.ptc	found	ICE
Icelandic:	finna	vb	to find	ASD
Danish:	finde	vb	to find	ASD
Swedish:	finna	vb	to find	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	finþan	vb	to find	ASD
Italic
Latin:	peripateticus	adj	of the peripatetic school	W7
	pons, pontis	n.masc	bridge	LRC
	pōntifex, pōntificis	n.masc	pontiff, high priest	W7
	pontō, pontōnis	n.masc	pontoon	W7
Middle French:	peripatétique	adj	of the peripatetic school	W7
French:	pontife	n.masc	pontiff	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pǫtь	n.masc	road, way, journey	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πόντος	n.masc	deep sea	LRC
Greek:	patein	vb	to tread	W7
	peripatein	vb	to discourse while pacing (like Aristotle)	W7
	peripatētikos	adj	of the peripatetic school	W7
	Πόντος	prop.n.masc	Pontos	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	patha	n	path, way	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
past	=	past (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
TPE	=	Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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