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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2c. per-, perə- 'to sell, impart'

Semantic Field: to Sell

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	rann	n	part	RPN
English
Old English:	part	n.masc	part	ASD
Middle English:	appreisen/apraysen	vb	to appraise	W7/CDC
	aprisen/apraysen	vb.trans	to apprize	CDC
	comparen	vb	to compare	W7
	interpreten	vb	to interpret	W7
	paire	n	pair	W7
	parcel	n	parcel	W7
	part	n	part	W7
	parten	vb	to part	W7
	particle	n	particle	W7
	partie	n	part, party	W7
	peer	n	peer	W7
	portion	n	portion	W7
	praisen	vb	to praise	W7
	precious	adj	precious	W7
	pris	n	prize, price	W7
	proporcion	n	proportion	W7
English:	appraise	vb.trans	to set value on, estimate amount of	AHD/W7
	appreciate	vb	to evaluate worth/quality/significance of	AHD/W7
	apprize	vb	to value, appreciate	W7
	bipartite	adj	being in two parts	AHD/W7
	compare	vb	to liken, represent as similar	AHD/W7
	compart	vb.trans	to mark/divide out into parts	AHD/W7
	depreciate	vb	to lower price/estimated value of	AHD/W7
	imparity	n	disparity, inequality	AHD/W7
	impart	vb.trans	to transmit, give/grant from one's store/abundance	AHD/W7
	interpret	vb	to elucidate, explain meaning of	AHD/W7
	nonpareil	adj	having no equal	AHD/W7
	nonpareil	n	paragon, individual of unequalled excellence	AHD/W7
	pair	n	two things (designed) for dual use	AHD/W7
	par	n	comparative values of currencies	AHD/W7
	parcel	n	portion, fragment	AHD/W7
	parcener	n	coparcener: joint heir	AHD/W7
	pari-mutuel	n	race betting where winners divide total amount bet	AHD
	parse	vb	to describe sentence grammatically	AHD
	part	n	portion resulting from division	AHD/W7
	part	vb	to separate from, take leave of	AHD/W7
	particle	n	clause/article of document/composition	AHD/W7
	partisan	n	supporter, one who takes part of another	AHD/W7
	partisan	n	weapon with long shaft/broad blade	AHD/W7
	partita	n	repetition with modification	AHD/W7
	party	n	group/person taking one side of question/dispute/contest	AHD/W7
	peer	n	equal, one with equal standing	AHD/W7
	pornography	n	depiction of erotic behavior	AHD/W7
	portion	n	individual's part/share of something	AHD/W7
	praise	vb	to commend, express favorable judgment of	AHD/W7
	Precious	prop.n	the One Ring in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	precious	adj	of high price/great value	AHD/W7
	price	n	worth, value	AHD/W7
	proportion	n	ratio, relation of part to part/whole w.r.t. degree/quantity/magnitude	AHD/W7
	repartee	n	quick/witty reply	AHD/W7
British English:	apprise	vb	to apprize	LRC
W-Germanic
German:	Preis	n.masc	price	LRC
Italic
Latin:	bipartio, bipartīre	vb	to divide in two	W7
	compar	adj	like	W7
	comparo, comparāre	vb	to couple, compare	W7
	impār	adj	odd, uneven, unequal	W7
	impartio, impartire	vb	to share	W7
	interpres, interpretis	n.masc/fem	agent, interpreter, negotiator	W7
	interpretor, interpretari	vb.dep	to be agent/interpreter/negotiator	W7
	pār	adj	even, equal	RPN
	paria	n.neut.pl	equal things	W7
	parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum	vb	to prepare, obtain	LRC
	pars, partis	n.fem	part, share, portion	RPN
	particula	n.fem.dim	small part	W7
	partio, partīre	vb	to divide	W7
	partior, partiri	vb.dep	to share	W7
	portiō, portiōnis	n.fem	part, portion, division	RPN
	pretiosus	adj	precious	W7
	pretium	n.neut	price, money, value	W7
	prōportiō, prōportiōnis	n.fem	analogy	W7
Vulgar Latin:	pariculus	adj	equal	W7
	particella	n.fem	small part	W7
Late Latin:	appretiare	vb.trans	to appraise, purchase	CDC
	appretiatus	vb.ptc	appraised	W7
	appretio, appretiāre	vb	to fix a price	W7
	compartior, compartiri	vb.dep	to share out	W7
	depretiatus	vb.ptc	depreciated	W7
	depretio, depretiāre	vb	to depreciate	W7
	imparitas	n.fem	imparity	W7
	pretio, pretiāre	vb	to prize, value, esteem	W7
Portuguese:	apreçar	vb	to appraise	CDC
Spanish:	apreciar	vb	to appraise	CDC
Old French:	apretier/aprisier	vb.trans	to price, appraise	CDC
	apris(i)er/apretier	vb.trans	to apprize	CDC
	paire	n.fem	pair	W7
	parçon	n.fem	portion	W7
	parçonier	adj.n.masc	comrade, associate	W7
	partie	n.fem	division	W7
	partir	vb	to depart, divide	W7
	portion	n.fem	portion	W7
	precios	adj	precious	W7
	pris	n.masc	price	W7
Anglo-French:	parcener	vb	to partition	W7
Middle French:	aprisier	vb	to apprize	W7
	comparer	vb	to compare	W7
	impart	n.masc	lot given	W7
	impartir	vb	to impart	W7
	interpreter	vb	to interpret	W7
	nonpareil	adj	unequal	W7
	parcel	n.masc	small part	W7
	pareil	adj	equal	W7
	partir	vb	to divide	W7
	partisan	n.masc	partisan, fan	W7
	partisane	n.fem	female partisan	W7
	preisier	vb	to prize, praise	W7
	proportion	n.fem	proportion	W7
	repartir	vb	to go again	W7
French:	apprécier	vb	to appraise	CDC
	nonpareil	adj	sensational, unequalled	W7
	répartie	n.fem	quick/witty answer	W7
	répartir	vb	to retort	W7
Old Occitan:	apreciar	vb	to appraise	CDC
Old Italian:	parte	n.fem	part, party	W7
	partigiana	n.fem	weapon of 16th-17th centuries	W7
	partigiano	n.masc	weapon of 16th-17th centuries	W7
Italian:	appregiare/apprezare	vb	to appraise	CDC
	compartire	vb	to divide	W7
	partire	vb	to divide	W7
	partita	n.fem	partita; game, match	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pir̃kti, per̃ka, pir̃ko	vb	to buy	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	περάω	vb	to sell abroad	RPN
	pernanai	vb	to sell	W7
	πορεῖν	vb	to offer, present, furnish	RPN
	pornē	n.fem	harlot	W7
	pornographos	n.masc	writing of harlots	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	pár-ši-ya-az-zi	vb.3.sg	to break, divide	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	pūrtá-m	n	gift, reward	RPN
	prati-	pfx	near, towards, against, in return	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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