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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. per-, per-g- 'to hit, kill'

Semantic Fields: to Hit, Strike, Beat; to Kill

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	compressen	vb	to compress	W7
	depressen	vb	to depress	W7
	express	adj	express	W7
	expressen	vb	to express	W7
	impressen	vb	to impress	W7
	oppressen	vb	to oppress	W7
	preignant	adj	pregnant	W7
	preinte	n	print	W7
	presse	n	press	W7
	pressen	vb	to press	W7
	repressen	vb	to repress	W7
	suppressen	vb	to suppress	W7
English:	appressed	adj	pressed close to/lying flat against (something)	AHD/W7
	apres	prep	after	AHD
	compress	n	folded pad/cloth to press upon body part	AHD/W7
	compress	vb	to condense, press/squeeze together	AHD/W7
	depress	vb.trans	to repress, subjugate	AHD/W7
	espresso	n	coffee brewed by steam forced through powdered beans	AHD/W7
	express	adj	explicit, directly/distinctly stated	AHD/W7
	express	vb.trans	to depict, delineate	AHD/W7
	impress	vb	to apply with pressure (to imprint)	AHD/W7
	imprimatur	n	license to print/publish	AHD/W7
	imprint	n	something (im)printed	AHD/W7
	oppress	vb.trans	to suppress	AHD/W7
	pregnant	adj	gravid, with child; cogent	AHD/W7
	press	n	throng, crowd, crowded condition	AHD/W7
	press	vb	to squeeze, act upon via steady force	AHD/W7
	pressure	n	act of pressing, being pressed	AHD
	print	n	impression, mark made by pressure	AHD/W7
	repress	vb	to curb, check by pressure	AHD/W7
	reprimand	n	severe/formal reproof/reproach	AHD/W7
	suppress	vb.trans	to subdue, put down by force/authority	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	adpressus	vb.ptc	appressed	CDC
	appressus	vb.ptc	(ap)pressed	W7
	apprimo, apprimere	vb	to press to	W7
	compressus	vb.ptc	compressed	W7
	comprimo, comprimere	vb	to compress	W7
	depressus	vb.ptc	pressed down	W7
	deprimo, deprimere	vb	to press down	W7
	espressus	vb.ptc	pressed out	W7
	expressus	vb.ptc	pressed out	W7
	exprimō, exprimere, expressī, expressum	vb	to express, press out	LRC
	impressus	vb.ptc	pressed against	W7
	imprimo, imprimere	vb	to imprint, press against	W7
	oppressus	vb.ptc	oppressed	W7
	opprimo, opprimere	vb	to oppress	W7
	prelum	n.neut	press	W7
	premō, premere, pressī, pressum	vb	to press, oppress	LRC
	presso, pressāre	vb	to press	W7
	pressus	vb.ptc	pressed, compressed	W7
	repressus	vb.ptc	repressed	W7
	reprimendus	vb.ptc	reprimanded	W7
	reprimo, reprimere, repressi, repressum	vb	to check, restrain, reprimand	W7
	suppressus	vb.ptc	suppressed	W7
	supprimo, supprimere	vb	to suppress	W7
Late Latin:	compresso, compressāre	vb	to press hard/together	W7
New Latin:	imprimatur	n.masc	license to print/publish	W7
	imprimo, imprimere	vb	to print	W7
Old French:	après	prep	apres	AHD
	expres	adj	pressed out	W7
	expresser	vb	to press out	W7
	preindre	vb	to press	W7
	preint	vb.ptc	printed	W7
	preinte	n.fem	print, track	W7
	presse	n.fem	press	W7
	presser	vb	to press	W7
Middle French:	compresse	n.fem	compress	W7
	compresser	vb	to compress	W7
	depresser	vb	to depress, push down	W7
	empreindre	vb	to imprint	W7
	empreint	vb.ptc	with print, printed, full of	W7
	empreinte	n.fem	print, trace	W7
	exprès	adv	expressly, on purpose	W7
	expresser	vb	to press out	W7
	oppresser	vb	to oppress	W7
	preignant	vb.pres.ptc	pregnant	W7
	preindre	vb	to press	W7
	presser	vb	to press	W7
French:	après	prep	apres	TLL
	près	adv	next, besides	TLL
	réprimande	n.fem	reprimand	W7
Italian:	expresso	n.masc	pressed-out coffee	W7
	presso	adv	next, besides	TLL
Slavic
Russian:	peret	vb	to press	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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