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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. pet- 'to fall, tumble down'

Semantic Field: to Fall

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	eterin	n	bird	LRC
English
Old English:	feðer	n	feather, wing	RPN
	īsig-feðera	adj	lit. icy-feathered	LRC
	pinn	n	pen, pin; peg	W7/ASD
Middle English:	apetit	n	appetite	W7
	fether	n	feather	W7
	impetuous	adj	impetuous	W7
	penne	n	pen	W7
	pennon	n	pennon	W7
	perpetuel	adj	perpetual	W7
	petition	n	petition	W7
	pin	n	pin	W7
	pinacle	n	pinnacle	W7
	propicious	adj	propitious	W7
	repeten	vb	to repeat	W7
English:	acanthopterygian	n	major division of teleost fishes	AHD/W7
	appetite	n	instinctive desire to eat	AHD/W7
	apteryx	n	kiwi	AHD/W7
	archaeopteryx	n	primitive Upper Jurassic bird with reptilian characteristics	AHD/W7
	asymptote	n	line that is limiting position of tangent to curve	AHD/W7
	coleoptile	n	first leaf of monocotyledon forming protective sheath about plumule	AHD/W7
	compete	vb.intrans	to vie with another (as if) for prize	AHD/W7
	empennage	n	tail assembly of airplane	AHD/W7
	feather	n	light horny epidermal outgrowth (part of external covering of bird's body)	AHD/W7
	hippopotamus	n	large herbivorous 4-toed aquatic mammal	AHD/W7
	impetigo	n	acute contagious skin disease	AHD/W7
	impetuous	adj	marked by force/violence	AHD/W7
	impetus	n	impulse, driving force	AHD/W7
	mecopteran	n	primitive carnivorous insect	AHD/W7
	orthopteran	n	insect with incomplete metamorphosis (incl. mantis, cricket, grasshopper)	AHD/W7
	panache	n	ornamental tuft (of feathers) esp. on helmet	AHD/W7
	pen	n	implement for writing/drawing with ink etc.	AHD/W7
	penna	n	contour feather (distinguished from plume/down feather)	AHD/W7
	pennate	adj	pinnate	AHD/W7
	pennon	n	long streamer attached to lance as ensign	AHD/W7
	peripeteia	n	sudden/unexpected reversal of situation/circumstances	AHD/W7
	perpetual	adj	everlasting, continuing forever	AHD/W7
	petition	n	entreaty, earnest request	AHD/W7
	petulant	adj	rude/insolent in speech/behavior	AHD/W7
	pin	n	piece of wood/metal used to fasten things	AHD/W7
	pinna	n	leaflet/primary division of pinnate leaf/frond	AHD/W7
	pinnacle	n	upright architectural member giving weight to buttress/angle pier	AHD/W7
	pinnate	adj	resembling a feather	AHD/W7
	pinnati-	pfx	pinnately	AHD/W7
	pinnule	n	secondary branch of plumose organ	AHD/W7
	propitious	adj	benevolent, favorably disposed	AHD/W7
	proptosis	n	forward projection/displacement (esp. of eyeball)	AHD/W7
	pterygoid	adj	re: inferior part of sphenoid bone in vertebrate skull	AHD/W7
	ptomaine	n	organic bases formed by putrefactive bacteria acting on nitrogenous matter	AHD/W7
	ptosis	n	sagging/prolapse of organ/part	AHD/W7
	repeat	vb	to reiterate, say/state again	AHD/W7
	symptom	n	subjective evidence of disease/physical disturbance	AHD/W7
	talipot	n	tall showy fan-leaved palm	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	federa/fedara	n	feather, wing	W7
	pfinn	n	peg	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	fjǫðr	n.fem	feather	LRC
Italic
Latin:	accipiter	n.masc	hawk, falcon, bird of prey	LRC
	appetitus	n.masc	appetite	W7
	appetitus	vb.ptc	striving after	W7
	appeto, appetere	vb	to strive after	W7
	competo, competere	vb	to agree, come together, be competent	W7
	hippopotamus	n.masc	hippopotamus	W7
	impeto, impetere	vb	to attack	W7
	impetus, impetus	n.masc	attack, charge	LRC
	impetus	n.masc	assault	W7
	penna	n.fem	feather, wing	W7
	pennatus	adj	having feathers	W7
	perpetuus	adj	eternal	W7
	petītiō, petītiōnis	n.fem	thrust, attack; request, solicitation	W7
	petitus	vb.ptc	requested	W7
	petō, petere, petīvī, petītum	vb	to seek, attack, head for	LRC
	petulāns, petulantis	adj	wanton, impudent, ready to attack	W7
	pinna	n.fem	feather, wing	W7
	pinnatus	vb.ptc	feathered	W7
	praepes, praepetis	adj	favorable, of good omen	LRC
	propitius	adj	propitious	W7
	repeto, repetere	vb	to ask again	W7
Late Latin:	competo, competere	vb	to seek together	W7
	impetuosus	adj	impetuous, violent	W7
	pinnaculum	n.neut	gable	W7
	proptosis	n.fem	act of falling forward	W7
	symptoma	n.neut	symptom	W7
	symptomat-	stem	symptom	W7
New Latin:	apteryx	n.masc	kiwi, wingless bird	W7
	archaeopteryx	n.masc	primitive bird	W7
	asymptotus	n.masc	asymptote	W7
	coleoptilum	n.neut	first leaf of monocotyledon	W7
	pinna	n.fem	primary division of pinnate leaf	W7
	pinnati-	pfx	pinnately	W7
	pinnatus	adj	feathered	W7
	pinnula	n.fem	pinnule	W7
	proptosis	n.fem	forward projection (esp. of eyeball)	W7
	pterygoides	adj	wing-shaped	W7
	ptosis	n.fem	sagging/prolapse of organ/part	W7
Old Italian:	pennacchio	n.masc	small wing	W7
Middle French:	apetit	n.masc	appetite	W7
	impétueux	adj	impetuous, violent	W7
	pennache	n.masc	panache	W7
	penne	n.masc	pen, feather	W7
	penon	n.masc	feather	W7
	perpetuel	adj	perpetual	W7
	petition	n.fem	request	W7
	pétulant	adj	energetic, happy	W7
	pinacle	n.masc	pinnacle	W7
	repéter	vb	to repeat	W7
French:	empennage	n.masc	feathering (on an arrow)	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pero	n	feather	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	asymptōtos	adj	not meeting	W7
	hippopotamos	n.masc	hippopotamus	W7
	Μεσοποταμία	n.fem	Mesopotamia	LRC
	peripeteia	n.fem	pacing up and down	W7
	peripiptein	vb	to fall around, change suddenly	W7
	πετεινόν	n.neut	bird	LRC
	πέτομαι	vb	to fly, dart, rush	RPN
	πίπτω	vb	to fall	LRC
	potamos	n.masc	river	W7
	propiptein	vb	to fall forward	W7
	πτερόν	n.neut	feather, bird's wing	RPN
	pterygoeidēs	adj	wing-shaped	W7
	πτέρυχ	n.fem	wing; fin	LRC
	ptilon	n.neut	down, soft feathers	W7/LS
	πτῶμα	n.neut	fall, calamity; corpse, fallen body	LRC
	πτῶσις	n.fem	fall, act of falling	LRC
	πτωχός	adj	poor	LRC
	sympiptein	vb	to meet, happen	W7
	symptōma	n.neut	symptom, attribute, happening	W7
	symptōmat-	stem	symptom, attribute, happening	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	pát-tar	n	feather, wing	RPN
	pít-ti-(ya-)an-zi	vb.3.pl	they fly, flee, hasten	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	pataiti	vb	to fly	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	pátati	vb	to fly, descend, fall fast	RPN
	patáyati	vb.caus	to fly, speed	RPN
	pátram	n	feather, wing	RPN
	pátvan-	n	flying, flight	RPN
	pātyate	vb.pass	to let fly, cause to fall	RPN
Bengali:	tālipōt	n	palm leaf	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
caus	=	causative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pass	=	passive (voice)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
stem	=	stem
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. (1889, rev. 2001)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)