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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: peuk̑-, and peug̑- 'to pink, stab, stick'

Semantic Fields: to Cut; to Press; Knife (tool)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	bung	n	bung	W7
	impugnen	vb	to impugn	W7
	oppugnen	vb	to attack, repudiate	W7
	pigmei	n	pygmy	W7
	pinken	vb	to pink	W7
	poinaunt	adj	poignant	W7
	point	n	point	W7
	ponson	n	puncheon	W7
	repugnen	vb	to repugn	W7
English:	acupuncture	n	puncturing body to relieve pain/cure disease	AHD/W7
	bontebok	n	coastal S African antelope	AHD
	bung	n	stopper in hole in cask	AHD/W7
	compunction	n	remorse, anxiety arising from guilt	AHD/W7
	expunge	vb.trans	to obliterate, strike out, mark for deletion	AHD/W7
	impugn	vb.trans	to assail	AHD/W7
	oppugn	vb.trans	to attack, fight against	AHD/W7
	pink	vb.trans	to stab, pierce	AHD/W7
	poignant	adj	pungent	AHD/W7
	point	n	item, individual detail	AHD/W7
	point-device	adj	precise, meticulous, scrupulously neat/correct	AHD
	pointillism	n	applying (to surface) color dots that blend together	AHD/W7
	poniard	n	dagger with slender square/triangular blade	AHD/W7
	pontil	n	punty: iron rod used in glass-making	AHD/CDC
	pugilism	n	boxing	AHD/W7
	pugnacious	adj	combative, truculent, belligerent by nature	AHD/W7
	puncheon	n	pointed tool for piercing/working on stone	AHD/W7
	punctilio	n	nice conduct detail in ceremony/observance	AHD/W7
	punctual	adj	having point-like nature	AHD/W7
	punctuate	vb	to mark/divide (text) with punctuation marks	AHD/W7
	puncture	n	act/result of puncturing	AHD/W7
	pungent	adj	having stiff/sharp point	AHD/W7
	pygmaean	adj	dwarfish, re: pygmy	AHD/W7
	Pygmy	prop.n	member of race of dwarfs (Greek mythology)	AHD
	pygmy	n	dwarf	W7
	repugn	vb	to offer objection/resistance/opposition	AHD/W7
	spontoon	n	short infantry pike	AHD/W7
	trapunto	n	whole cloth quilting to produce raised surface	AHD
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	bonghe	n	bung	W7
	bonne	n	bung	W7
Afrikaans:	bontebok	n	bontebok	AHD
Italic
Latin:	expungo, expungere	vb	to cancel, mark for deletion (by dots)	W7
	inpugno, inpugnāre	vb	to impugn, assault	W7
	oppūgnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātum	vb	to attack, overthrow	LRC
	pugil	n.masc	boxer	W7
	pugnax, pugnacis	adj	pugnacious	W7
	pugno, pugnare	vb	to fight	W7
	pugnus	n.masc	fist	W7
	puncta	n.fem	strike	W7
	punctum	n.neut	point, vote	W7
	punctura	n.fem	puncture, small hole	W7
	punctus	vb.ptc	pierced, having a hole	W7
	pungens, pungentis	adj/vb.ptc	stinging	W7
	pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum	vb	to sting, stab, puncture	W7
	pygmaeus	adj	pygmaean	W7
	repugno, repugnare	vb	to fight against	W7
Vulgar Latin:	punctio, punctiāre	vb	to prick	W7
	punctio, punctionis	n.fem	act of making a hole	W7
Medieval Latin:	punctualis	adj	punctual	W7
	punctuatus	vb.ptc	pointed, punctuated	W7
	punctuo, punctuare	vb	to point, provide punctuation marks	W7
Spanish:	puntilloso	adj	preoccupied by unimportant things	W7/Sal
	punto	n.masc	point	W7
Old French:	point	n.masc	prick, puncture, point in time/space	W7
	pointe	n.fem	sharp end	W7
Middle French:	impugner	vb	to assault	W7
	poignant	vb.pres.ptc	poignant, gripping	W7
	poignard	n.masc	short knife	W7
	poinçon	n.masc	pointed tool	W7
	poindre	vb	to prick, sting	W7
	poing	n.masc	fist	W7
	répugner	vb	to disgust	W7
French:	point	n.masc	spot, dot	W7
	pointiller	vb	to stipple	W7
	pointilleux	adj	who likes pointillism, who is overly meticulous	W7
	pointillisme	n.masc	pointillism	W7
Italian:	punta	n.fem	sharp point	W7
	puntiglio	n.masc	scruple, point of honor	W7
	spuntone	n.masc	pointed tool; crag	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πυγμή	n.fem	fist, boxing (match)	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Sal	=	Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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