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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: plek̑- 'to ply, pleach, plait, weave'

Semantic Fields: to Fold; to Plait; to Weave

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fle(a)x	n.neut	flax	W7/ASD
Middle English:	ap(p)lien/ap(p)lyen	vb	to apply	W7/CDC
	complice	n	complice	W7
	displayen	vb	to display	W7
	emploien	vb	to employ	W7
	exploit	n	exploit	W7
	flax	n	flax	W7
	plechen	vb	to pleach	W7
	pleit	n	pleat	W7
	plete	n	plait	W7
	pleten	vb	to pleat	W7
	plien	vb	to ply, bend, fold	W7
	plit	n	plight	W7
	replien	vb	to reply	W7
	splayen	vb	to splay	W7
English:	amplexicaul	adj	sessile with base/stipules clasping stem	AHD/W7
	amplexus	n	amphibian pseudocopulation (male embraces female)	AHD
	apply	vb	to put to use (for some practical purpose)	AHD/W7
	complect	vb	to embrace, interweave, join by twining together	AHD/CDC
	complex	adj	composite, composed of multiple parts	AHD/W7
	complicate	adj	complex, intricate	AHD/W7
	complice	n	associate	AHD/W7
	deploy	vb	to extend (military unit) esp. in width	AHD/W7
	display	vb	to spread/stretch out	AHD/W7
	employ	vb.trans	to make use of	AHD/W7
	explicate	vb.trans	to give detailed explanation of	AHD/W7
	explicit	adj	with full clear expression	AHD/W7
	exploit	n	act, deed	AHD/W7
	flax	n	slender erect annual herb	AHD/W7
	implicate	vb.trans	to entwine, fold/twist together	AHD/W7
	implicit	adj	implied, able to be understood	AHD/W7
	multiplex	adj	re: multiple parts/elements	AHD
	perplexed	adj	puzzled, filled with confusion/bewilderment	AHD
	plait	n	pleat	AHD/W7
	plait	vb	to pleat, braid, weave	W7
	pleach	vb.trans	to plait, interlace	AHD/W7
	pleat	n	fold/crease in cloth doubled over	AHD/W7
	pleat	vb.trans	to fold	AHD/W7
	plecopteran	n	stonefly: primitive winged insect	AHD
	plectognath	n	fish with bony plates/spines/ossicles	AHD/W7
	plexus	n	network of interlacing nerves/blood vessels	AHD/W7
	pliant	adj	pliable, easily bent/flexed	AHD
	plica	n	fold, folded part	AHD/W7
	plicate	adj	folded lengthwise (like fan)	AHD/W7
	plight	n	state, condition	AHD/W7
	plisse	n	textile with permanently puckered designs	AHD/W7
	ply	vb.trans	to twist together	AHD/W7
	replicate	vb.trans	to repeat, duplicate	AHD/W7
	reply	vb	to respond in words/writing	AHD/W7
	splay	vb	to expand, spread out	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	flax	n.neut	flax	ASD
Frisian:	flægs	n	flax	ASD
Dutch:	vlas	n.neut	flax	ASD
Low German:	flass	n.neut	flax	ASD
Old High German:	flahs	n.masc	flax	ASD
	flehtan	vb	to braid	W7
Middle High German:	vlahs	n.masc	flax	ASD
German:	Flachs	n.masc	flax	ASD
Italic
Latin:	amplector, amplectī	vb.dep	to entwine, embrace	W7
	amplexus	vb.ptc	entwined, embraced	W7
	applico, applicāre	vb	to study, apply something to	W7
	caulis	n.masc	stem, stalk, cabbage	W7
	complector, complecti	vb.dep	to embrace, comprise (multiple objects)	W7
	complexus	vb.ptc	embraced, comprised in	W7
	complicatus	vb.ptc	folded together, confused	W7
	complico, complicare	vb	to fold together, confuse	W7
	displico, displicāre	vb	to scatter	W7
	explicatus	vb.ptc	unfolded, explained	W7
	explicitus	vb.ptc	deployed, explained	W7
	explico, explicare	vb	to unfold, explain	W7
	implicatus	vb.ptc	enfolded, entangled	W7
	implicitus	vb.ptc	enfolded, entangled	W7
	implico, implicare, implicāvi, implicātum	vb	to enfold, cling to	W7
	implico, implicare, implicui, implicitum	vb	to enfold, entangle	W7
	plecto, plectere	vb	to braid, twine, weave	W7
	plexus	n.masc	braid, network	W7
	plexus	vb.ptc	involved, threaded	W7
	plicatus	vb.ptc	folded	W7
	plico, plicare, plicāvi, plicātum	vb	to fold (together)	W7
	plico, plicare, plicui, plicitum	vb	to fold (together)	W7
	replico, replicare	vb	to fold back, turn over	W7
Vulgar Latin:	plictus	n.masc	fold	W7
	plictus	vb.ptc	folded	W7
Late Latin:	complex	adj	complex, manifold	W7
	replicatus	vb.ptc	replicated	W7
	replico, replicare	vb	to replicate	W7
Medieval Latin:	explicitus	vb.ptc	unfolded, explained	W7
	plica	n.fem	fold (in garment)	W7
New Latin:	amplexicaulis	adj	with entwined stems	W7
	plexus	n.masc	network of interwoven blood vessels	W7
Portuguese:	applicar	vb	to apply	CDC
Spanish:	aplicar	vb	to apply	CDC
Old French:	aplier	vb	to apply	CDC
	exploit	n.masc	exploit, noble deed	W7
Old North French:	plechier	vb	to plait, braid, interlace	W7
Anglo-French:	despleier	vb	to display	W7
	plit	n.masc	pleat	W7
Middle French:	aplier	vb	to apply	W7
	complice	adj	accomplice	W7
	emploier	vb	to employ, involve	W7
	pleit	vb.ptc	pleated	W7
	pli	n.masc	pleat	W7
	plier	vb	to fold, bend	W7
	plisser	vb	to pleat, wrinkle	W7
	replier	vb	to pleat again	W7
French:	appliquer	vb	to apply	CDC
	déployer	vb	to deploy	W7
	explicite	adj	explicit	W7
	plissé	vb.ptc	creased, wrinkled, pleated	W7
	plisser	vb	to pleat, crease, wrinkle	W7
Italian:	applicare	vb	to apply	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	gnathos	n.fem	jaw	W7
	plekein	vb	to plait, braid, weave	W7
	plektos	adj	plaited, twisted, woven	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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