The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: prāi-, prəi-, prī-, pri- 'to like, feel friendly/well-disposed'

Semantic Fields: Dear; Friend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	rhydd	adj	free	RPN
English
Old English:	frēo/frī(o)	adj	free; noble; joyful	RPN/ASD
	frēo	n.masc/fem	lord, master; lady, woman	RPN
	frēod	n.fem	peace, friendship, affection	RPN
	frēo(ga)n	vb.wk	to (make) free; like, love	RPN/ASD
	freoh/frioh/frig/frȳ	adj	free; noble; joyful	ASD
	frēo-mǣg/frēo-māg	n.masc	dear kinsman	ASD
	frēond/frīond	n.masc	friend; lover; relative	RPN/ASD
	fre(o)ðo/fri(o)ðu	n.fem	peace; refuge, protection, security	ASD/RPN
	frīgan	vb	to free, love	RPN
	frīgedæg/frigdæg	n.masc	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	W7/ASD
	friþ/fryþ	n.masc/neut	peace, freedom; refuge, protection, security	CDC/ASD
Middle English:	aferd(e)	adj	afraid	MEV
	affraied	vb.ptc	afraid	W7
	affraien	vb	to startle, frighten	W7
	affray	n	fear; affray	MEV/W7
	berfreid/belfray	n	belfry	CDC
	berfrey/belfry	n	belfry	W7
	free	adj	free	W7
	frend	n	friend	W7
	Friday	prop.n	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	W7
English:	affray	n	fray, brawl	AHD/W7
	affray	vb.trans	to frighten, startle	AHD/W7
	afraid	adj	filled with fear/apprehension	AHD/W7
	belfry	n	siege tower	AHD/W2I
	filibuster	n	irregular military adventurer	AHD/W7
	free	adj	having legal/political rights of citizen	AHD/W7
	freebooter	n	pirate, plunderer	AHD/W7
	Friday	prop.n	day between Thursday and Saturday	AHD/W7
	friend	n	person attached to another by esteem/affection	AHD/W7
	Frigg(a)	prop.n	goddess of sky/heavens (Norse mythology)	AHD/W2I
Scots English:	frend	n	relation	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fri	adj	free	ASD
	fria(ia)/fraia	vb	to free	ASD
	frī(g)endei	n	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	ODE
	friond/friund	n.masc	friend	ASD
Frisian:	frjuen	n	friend	ASD
	fry	adj	free	ASD
Middle Dutch:	bergfert/bergfrede	n	protecting shelter	CDC
	vrīdah	n	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	ODE
Dutch:	vri(e)nd	n.masc	friend	ASD
	vrij	adj	free	ASD
	vrijbuit	n	plunder	W7
	vrijbuiter	n	freebooter	W7
	vrijdag	n	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	ODE
	vrijen	vb	to woo	ASD
Old Saxon:	frī	adj	free	ASD
	friðu	n.masc	peace, love, concord, amity	ASD
	friohan	vb	to love	ASD
	friund	n.masc	friend; relation	ASD
Low German:	fri(j)	adj	free	ASD
	frijen	vb	to free; woo	ASD
	frund/fründ	n.masc	friend	ASD
Old High German:	frî	adj	free	ASD
	frīatag	n.masc	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	W7
	frido/fridu	n.masc	peace; shelter, protection, security	ASD/CDC
	friunt/frīont/friant	n.masc	friend	W7/ASD
	vrīten	vb	to cherish	RPN
Middle High German:	bercfrit/bercvrit	n	belfry	CDC
	berchfrit/berhfride	n	belfry	CDC
	fride	n	peace; shelter, security	CDC
	vrî	adj	free	ASD
	vrī(g)en	vb	to free	ASD
	vriunt	n.masc	friend	ASD
German:	befreien	vb	to free	ASD
	frei	adj	free	ASD
	freien	vb	to woo	ASD
	Freitag	n.masc	Friday, lit. Frigg's day	LRC
	freuen	vb	to be glad	LRC
	Freund	n.masc	friend	ASD
	Friede(n)	n.masc	peace; shelter, security	CDC
	Friedhof	n	cemetary	TLL
	friedlich	adj	peaceful	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	friðr	n.masc	peace	LRC
	Frigg	prop.n	Frigg, wife of Odin	AHD
	fríðr	adj	handsome	LRC
Old Icelandic:	friða	vb	to pacify	RPN
	friðill	n	lover	RPN
	fríða	vb	to adorn	RPN
	frjá	vb	to love	RPN
	frjáls	n	love	RPN
	frændi	n	kinsman	RPN
Icelandic:	frī	adj	free	ASD
	frja	vb	to pet	ASD
	frændi	n.masc	kinsman	ASD
Danish:	frende/frænde	n.masc/fem	cousin, kinsman	ASD
	fri	adj	free	ASD
	frie	vb	to woo; deliver	ASD
Swedish:	fri	adj	free	ASD
	fria	vb	to free, save; court	ASD
	frände	n.masc	relation	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	freidjan	vb	to take care of	RPN
	freihals	n	freedom	RPN
	freis	adj	free	RPN
	friaþwa	adj	showing love	RPN
	friaþwa	n.str.fem	love, charity	LRC
	frijei	n	freedom	RPN
	frijōn	vb.wk.II	to love	LRC
	frijondi	n.fem	female friend	ASD
	frijonds	n.masc	friend	RPN/ASD
	ga-friþōn	vb	to make peace between	KGW
Italic
Middle Latin:	ber(e)fredus/berefridus	n	belfry	CDC
Spanish:	filibustero	n.masc	pirate, freebooter	W7
Old French:	berfrai/berfray/berefreit	n	belfry	CDC
	berfroi/belefroi	n	belfry	CDC
	effrei/esfrei	n	affray	AHD
	esfaier/esfreer	vb	to disturb	AHD
Middle French:	affreer	vb	to startle	W7
French:	beffroi	n	belfry, watchtower, bell tower	CDC
Italian:	battifredo	n	belfry	CDC
Baltic
Latvian:	priêks	n	joy	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	prijaznь	n	love	RPN
	prijatelь	n	friend	RPN
	prějǫ, prijati	vb	to be favorable	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	πραύς	adj	meek, gentle	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	frīnāiti	vb	to love, praise	RPN
	fryō	adj	dear	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	priyá-ḥ	adj	dear, beloved	RPN
	priyā	n	wife	W2I
	prīṇā́ti	vb	to please, be pleased	RPN
	prīti-ḥ	n	joy, pleasure	RPN
	prī́yate	vb	to be pleased	RPN
	premán-	n	love, fondness, kindness	RPN
	préyas-	adj/n	very dear; lover, dear friend	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
KGW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next