The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. reg̑- 'to regulate, make just/right; king, reign'

Semantic Fields: Right (adj); King

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	reg-	vb	to stretch out	LRC
	rī	n.masc	king	W7/IED
English
Old English:	bisc(e)op-rīce	n.neut	bishopric	W7/ASD
	gerecenian	vb.wk	to narrate	W7/ASD
	racu	n.fem	rake	W7/ASD
	ranc	adj	strong, overbearing	W7
	reccan	vb	to stretch, extend	W7/ASD
	rica	n.masc	ruler	ASD
	rīce	n.wk.neut	reign, region, kingdom	LRC
	riht	adj	right, straight, erect	ASD
	riht	n.neut	right, law, justice; plumb line	W7
Middle English:	adressen	vb	to address	W7
	bisshopriche	n	bishopric	W7
	correct	adj	correct	W7
	correcten	vb	to correct	W7
	corvee	n	corvee	W7
	direct	adj	direct	W7
	directen	vb	to direct	W7
	*elfriche	n	fairyland	W7
	erect	adj	erect	W7
	incorrigible	adj	incorrigible	W7
	prerogative	n	prerogative	W7
	prorogen	vb	to prorogue	W7
	rack	n	rack	W7
	raile	n	rail	W7
	rake	n	rake	W7
	rank	adj	rank	W7
	real	adj	real	W7
	realme	n	realm	W7
	rectitude	n	rectitude	W7
	regal	adj	regal	W7
	regent	n	regent	W7
	regimen	n	regimen	W7
	regiment	n	regiment	W7
	region	n	region	W7
	regne	n	reign	W7
	reguler	adj	regular	W7
	reule	n	rule	W7
	riche	adj	rich, precious, prosperous	W7
	riche	n	sovereign territory	W7
	right	adj/n	right	W7
	rogacion	n	rogation	W7
	roial	adj	royal	W7
	sours	n	source	W7
English:	abrogate	vb.trans	to annul, abolish by authoritative action	AHD/W7
	address	vb	to aim, direct	AHD/W7
	adroit	adj	dexterous in use of hands	AHD/W7
	alert	adj	watchful/prompt to meet danger	AHD/W7
	anorectic	adj	re: anorexia	AHD
	anorexia	n	loss of appetite	AHD/W7
	arrogate	vb.trans	to claim/seize as one's right without justification	AHD/W7
	bishopric	n	diocese, bishop's province	AHD/W7
	correct	adj	conforming to approved/conventional standard	AHD/W7
	correct	vb.trans	to amend, set/make right	AHD/W7
	corvee	n	unpaid labor due to feudal lord	AHD/W7
	derogate	vb	to disparage, cause to seem inferior	AHD/W7
	direct	adj	straight, proceeding from point to point without deviation/interruption	AHD/W7
	direct	vb	to write to someone	AHD/W7
	eldritch	adj	weird, eerie	AHD/W7
	erect	adj	vertical in position	AHD/W7
	ergo	adv	hence, therefore	AHD/W7
	incorrigible	adj	unable to be amended/corrected	AHD/W7
	interrogate	vb.trans	to question formally/systematically	AHD/W7
	maharani	n	wife of maharaja	AHD/W7
	porrect	adj	extended forward	AHD/W7
	prerogative	n	special/exclusive right/power/privilege	AHD/W7
	prorogue	vb	to defer, postpone	AHD/W7
	rack	n	framework for holding livestock fodder	AHD/W7
	rail	n	bar extending from post to post	AHD/W7
	raita	n	Indian salad/condiment: yogurt with chopped fruits/vegetables	AHD
	raj	n	reign	AHD/W7
	raja(h)	n	chief, prince	W7
	rake	n	implement with projecting prongs for gathering material	AHD/W7
	rani	n	rajah's wife, Hindu queen	AHD/W7
	rank	adj	excessively/luxuriantly vigorous in growth	AHD/W7
	real	adj	re: fixed/permanent/immovable things (e.g. land)	AHD/W7
	realm	n	kingdom	AHD/W7
	rectangle	n	parallelogram of 4 sides/right angles	AHD/W7
	rectilinear	adj	forming/moving in straight line	AHD/W7
	rectitude	n	straightness	AHD/W7
	recto	n	right-hand page	AHD/W7
	rector	n	leader, one who directs	AHD/W7
	rectum	n	terminal portion of intestine	AHD/W7
	rectus	n	straight muscle (e.g. of abdomen)	AHD/W7
	regal	adj	re: king	AHD/W7
	regent	n	ruling authority/principle	AHD/W7
	regicide	n	one who kills king	AHD/W7
	regime	n	regimen	AHD/W7
	regimen	n	systematic course of therapy	AHD/W7
	regiment	n	governmental rule	AHD/W7
	region	n	(administrative) area/district/division	AHD/W7
	regius	adj	royal, re: king	AHD
	reglet	n	flat narrow architectural molding	AHD/W7
	regular	adj	belonging to religious order	AHD/W7
	regulate	vb.trans	to direct/govern according to rule	AHD/W7
	Regulus	prop.n	brightest star in constellation Leo	AHD/W7
	regulus	n	impure metal mass formed beneath slag	AHD/W7
	Reich	prop.n	government/territory of German empire	AHD
	reichsmark	n	German mark (1925-48)	W7
	reign	n	sovereignty, royal authority	AHD/W7
	resurge	vb	to surge back, rise again	AHD
	rial	n	Persian monetary unit	AHD/W7
	rich	adj	wealthy, possessing/controlling great wealth	AHD/W7
	right	adj	correct, upright, righteous	AHD/W7
	right	n	adherence/obedience to duty/lawful authority	AHD/W7
	Risorgimento	prop.n	movement leading to political unification of Italy	AHD
	ri(y)al	n	Arabic monetary unit	AHD/W7
	rogation	n	litany, supplication	AHD/W7
	rogatory	adj	seeking/requesting/collecting information	AHD/CDC
	royal	adj	of kingly ancestry	AHD/W7
	rule	n	prescribed guide for action/conduct	AHD/W7
	rye	n	gypsy gentleman	AHD/W7
	sord	n	flock/flight of mallards	AHD
	source	n	fountainhead, origin of running water	AHD/W7
	subrogate	vb.trans	to substitute, put in place of another	AHD/W7
	supererogate	vb	to do more than required by need/duty/obligation	AHD/W7
	surge	vb	to toss, rise/fall actively	AHD/W7
	vicereine	n	wife of viceroy	AHD/W7
	viceroy	n	governor of country/province who represents king/sovereign	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rīke	n	reign, power, authority	ASD
	riucht	n	right, law	ASD
Middle Dutch:	rec	n	framework	W7
Dutch:	rijk	adj	rich	TLL
Old Saxon:	recht	adj	right, straight	LRC
	reht	n	right, law	ASD
	rekkian	vb	to stretch, extend	ASD
	rīki	n	reign, power, authority	ASD
Old High German:	reckian	vb	to stretch, extend	ASD
	rehho	n	rake	W7
	reht	adj/n	right, straight; right, law	W7/ASD
	rīhhi	adj/n	rich; reign, power, authority	W7/ASD
	ruohhen	vb	to take heed	W7
German:	Rechen	n.masc	rake	LRC
	Recht	n.neut	law, right	LRC
	rechts	adj	right-hand	LRC
	recken	vb	to stretch, extend	LRC
	Reich	n.neut	realm, empire	LRC
	reich	adj	rich	TLL
	Reichsmark	n.fem	reichsmark	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	reka	vb	to drive	LRC
	rekkr	n.masc	man, warrior	LRC
	réttr	adj	right, correct; just, fair; direct, unswerving	LRC
Icelandic:	rakkr	adj	bold, courageous	ASD
	rekja	vb	to unwind, unfold, spread out	ASD
	rēttr	n.masc	right, law; due, claim	ASD
	rīki	n	reign, power, authority	ASD
Danish:	rig	adj	rich	TLL
Swedish:	rik	adj	rich	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	raihts	adj	right, straight	LRC
	reiki	n	reign, power, authority	ASD
	reiks	n	king, ruler	LRC
	uf-rakjan	vb	to stretch out	ASD
Italic
Latin:	abrogatus	vb.ptc	abrogated	W7
	abrogo, abrogāre	vb	to annul, abrogate	W7
	angulus	n.masc	angle	W7
	arrogatus	vb.ptc	claimed, assumed	W7
	arrogo, arrogare	vb	to claim, assume	W7
	correctus	vb.ptc	straightened	W7
	corrigo, corrigere	vb	to correct, make straight	W7
	corrogatus	vb.ptc	collected, requisitioned	W7
	corrogo, corrogare	vb	to collect, requisition	W7
	derogo, derogare	vb	to annul (law), detract	W7
	directus	vb.ptc	directed, set straight	W7
	dirigo, dirigere	vb	to direct, set straight	W7
	erectus	vb.ptc	built up, made straight up	W7
	ergo	conj	so, thus	W7
	erigo, erigere	vb	to erect	W7
	interrogatus	vb.ptc	interrogated	W7
	interrogo, interrogare	vb	to interrogate	W7
	porrectus	vb.ptc	stretched out	W7
	porrigo, porrigere	vb	to stretch out	W7
	praerogativus	adj	voting first	W7
	praerogatus	vb.ptc	who voted first	W7
	praerogo, praerogare	vb	to request an opinion before another	W7
	prorogo, prorogare	vb	to extend an office	W7
	rector	n.masc	one who directs	W7
	rectus	adj	right	W7
	rectus	vb.ptc	directed	W7
	regalis	adj	re: king	W7
	regens	adj/vb.ptc	directing	W7
	regimen, regiminis	n.neut	rule	W7
	regina, reginae	n.fem	queen	LRC
	regio, regionis	n.fem	limit, division, direction	W7
	regnum, regni	n.neut	reign; empire, kingdom	LRC
	rego, regere	vb	to rule, direct, keep straight	W7
	regula	n.fem	rule, ruler	W7
	regularis	adj	regular, according to rule/ruler	W7
	regulus	n.masc	petty king	W7
	res	n.fem	thing, fact	W7
	rex, regis	n.masc	king	LRC
	rigor, rigoris	n.masc	rigor	LRC
	rogatio	n.fem	questioning	W7
	rogatus	vb.ptc	asked, proposed law	W7
	rogo, rogāre	vb	to ask, propose (a law)	W7
	subrogatus	vb.ptc	asked for, demanded (law)	W7
	subrogo, subrogare	vb	to ask for, demand (law)	W7
	surgo, surgere	vb	to rise	W7
	surrogo, surrogare	vb	to substitute	W7
Late Latin:	derogatus	vb.ptc	cancelled law	W7
	derogo, derogāre	vb	to annul (law), derogate	W7
	incorrigibilis	adj	incorrigible	W7
	realis	adj	real	W7
	rectilineus	adj	in a straight line	W7
	rectitudo	n.fem	rectitude	W7
	regimentum	n.neut	direction, government	W7
	regulatus	vb.ptc	regulated	W7
	regulo, regulāre	vb	to regulate	W7
	rogatio, rogationis	n.fem	act of asking	W7
Medieval Latin:	corrogata	n.fem	corvee	W7
	realis	adj	relating to things (in law)	W7
	rectangulus	adj	having a right angle	W7
	regens, regentis	adj/vb.ptc	in power, excercising kingly power	W7
	regulus	n.masc	metallic antimony	W7
New Latin:	anorexia	n.fem	anorexia	W7
	folio	n.masc	leaf of manuscript	W7
	recto	n.masc	side of page/leaf to be read first	W7
	rectum	n.neut	terminal part of intestine	W7
	rectus	adj	straight, right	W7
	regicida	n.masc	king-killer	W7
	regicidium	n.neut	king-killing	W7
	Regulus	prop.n.masc	star in constellation Leo	W7
Spanish:	real	adj	real, royal	LRC
	real	n.masc	old Spanish coin	LRC
Old French:	realme	n.fem	rule, area of ruling	W7
	règne	n.masc	reign	W7
	reule	n.fem	rule	W7
	sourdre	vb	to rise, spring forth	W7
	sourse	n.fem	source	W7
Middle French:	adresser	vb	to address	W7
	corvee	n.fem	corvee	W7
	prérogative	n.fem	prerogative, privilege	W7
	proroguer	vb	to prorogue	W7
	real	adj	relating to things (in law)	W7
	rectitude	n.fem	rectitude	W7
	regal	adj	kingly, of a king	W7
	regent	n.masc	regent, one acting as temporary king	W7
	regiment	n.masc	regiment, part of army	W7
	région	n.fem	area	W7
	règle	n.fem	rule	W7
	reglet	n.masc	ruler, straight-edge	W7
	reguler	vb	to regulate	W7
	reille	n.fem	bar; ruler	W7
	roi	n.masc	king	W7
	roial	adj	royal, re: the king	W7
	sors	n.fem	spring	W7
	sourdre	vb	to rise, surge	W7
	sourge-	vb.stem	to rise, surge	W7
	sourse	n.fem	source	W7
	vice-roi	n.masc	viceroy	W7
French:	adroit	adj	adroit, habile	W7
	alerte	adj	alert	AHD
	régime	n.masc	diet; regime, authoritarian government	W7
	réglet	n.masc	ruler, straight-edge	W7
	reine	n.fem	queen	W7
	vicereine	n.fem	vice-queen	W7
Italian:	Risorgimento	prop.n	Risorgimento	AHD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	rę́žtis	vb	to stretch oneself out	LRC
Latvian:	ruôzîtiês	vb	to draw oneself out	LRC
Slavic
Russian:	surázina	n	good order	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ὀρέγω	vb	to reach, extend, stretch out	LRC
Greek:	anorektos	adj	anorectic, without desire	AHD
	ὄρεξις	n.fem	desire, longing, appetite	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	raz-	vb	to arrange, straighten	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	rají-	adj	straight	LRC
	rājan	n	king, raja	W7
	rājñī	n	(Hindu) queen	W7
	rājya	n	raj, rule	W7
	rai	n	property	W7
Hindi:	mahārānī	n	(Hindu) king's wife, Indian princess	W7
	rājā	n	king, raja	W7
	rāj	n	raj	W7
	rānē	n	(Hindu) queen	W7
Romani:	rai	n	king	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	raksau	vb	to stretch out	LRC
Tocharian A:	räk-	vb	to cover, spread out	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
stem	=	stem
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next