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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: reidh- 'to ride, go (in vehicle)'

Semantic Fields: to Ride; to Go

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	rīadaim	vb	to ride	W7
Welsh:	gorwydd	n	horse, steed	W7/WE
English
Old English:	ēored/ēorod	n.neut	cavalry band/troop, lit. horse-ride(rs)	ASD
	hron-rād	n.fem	sea, lit. whale-road	LRC
	rād	n.fem	outfit, harness, implements	ASD
	rād	n.fem	road; raid; ride, journey; (name for) R-rune	W7/ASD
	rīdan, rād, ridon, riden	vb.str.I	to ride	LRC
	ridda	n.masc	rider, horseman	ASD
	*riddena-mearc	n.fem	land of knights, lit. riders' march	LRC
Middle English:	alredi	adv	already	AHD
	aray	n	rank, estate, array	MEV
	ar(r)ayen/araien/areyen	vb	to array	W7/CDC
	arrayment	n	raiment	W7
	currayen	vb	to curry	W7
	palfrey	n	palfrey	W7
	rayment	n	raiment	W7
	redy	adj	ready	W7
	riden	vb	to ride	W7
	rode	n	road	W7
English:	already	adv	previously, prior to implied/specified time	AHD/W7
	array	n	order, listing, grouping	W7
	array	vb.trans	to marshal, draw up, set/place in order	AHD/W7
	curry	vb.trans	to dress coat with currycomb	AHD/W7
	Éored	prop.n	cavalry unit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	palfrey	n	saddle horse other than war-horse	AHD/W7
	raddle	vb.trans	to interweave, twist together	AHD/W7
	raid	n	hostile/predatory incursion	AHD/W7
	raiment	n	clothing, garment(s)	AHD/W7
	ready	adj	prepared for some action/experience	AHD/W7
	Riddermark	prop.n	land a.k.a. Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	ride, rode, ridden	vb.str	to sit/travel on back of animal	AHD/W7
	rider	n	one who rides	LRC
	road	n	place less enclosed than harbor where ships ride at anchor	AHD/W7
	Wolf-rider	prop.n	ally of Saruman in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rīda	vb	to ride	ASD
Dutch:	rijden	vb	to ride	LRC
Old High German:	rītan	vb	to ride	W7
German:	reiten	vb	to ride	LRC
	Reiter	n.masc	rider	LRC
N-Germanic
Runic:	*raido	n	riding; carriage; (name for) R-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	reið	n.fem	ride; chariot	LRC
	reiði	n.masc/neut	harness, trappings; tackle, rigging	LRC
	ríða	vb	to ride (over)	LRC
Icelandic:	reið	n.fem	raid; ride, journey	ASD
	reiða	n.fem	outfit, implements	ASD
	reiði	n.masc/neut	tackle, harness	ASD
	rīða	vb	to ride, sway, swing	ASD
Danish:	ride	vb	to ride	LRC
Swedish:	rida	vb	to ride	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	garaiþs	adj	arrayed, arranged, commanded	W7/GED
	raidjan	vb.wk	to establish, correctly determine	GED
Italic
Latin:	veredus	n.masc	post-horse	W7
Vulgar Latin:	arredo, arredare	vb	to equip	W7
	conredo, conredare	vb	to prepare	W7
Late Latin:	paraveredus	n.masc	post-horse for secondary roads	W7
Middle Latin:	arredare	vb.trans	to array	CDC
Portuguese:	arreiar	vb.trans	to array	CDC
Spanish:	arrear	vb.trans	to array	CDC
Old French:	arayer/areyer/are(i)er	vb	to array	W7/CDC
	arei	n	rank, estate, array	MEV
	correer	vb	to curry, prepare	W7
	palefrei	n.masc	steed for women	W7
Anglo-French:	arayer/araier	vb.trans	to array	CDC
Old Occitan:	aredar	vb.trans	to array	CDC
Italian:	arredare	vb.trans	to array	CDC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
WE	=	H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas: Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary (1969)

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