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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: reidh- 'to ride, go (in a vehicle)'

Semantic Fields: to Go; to Ride

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	gorwydd	n	horse, steed	W7/WE
Old Irish:	rīadaim	vb.1.sg	I ride	W7
English
Old English:	hron-rād	n.fem	sea, lit. whale-road	LRC
	rād	n.fem	road; raid; ride, journey, expedition	W7
	rīdan, rād, ridon, riden	vb.str.I	to ride	LRC
Middle English:	arrayen	vb	to array	W7
	arrayment	n	raiment	W7
	currayen	vb	to curry	W7
	palfrey	n	palfrey	W7
	rayment	n	raiment	W7
	redy	adj	ready	W7
	riden	vb	to ride	W7
	rode	n	road	W7
English:	already	adv	previously, prior to implied/specified time	AHD/W7
	array	vb.trans	to marshal, draw up, set/place in order	AHD/W7
	curry	vb.trans	to dress coat with currycomb	AHD/W7
	palfrey	n	saddle horse other than war-horse	AHD/W7
	raddle	vb.trans	to interweave, twist together	AHD/W7
	raid	n	hostile/predatory incursion	AHD/W7
	raiment	n	clothing, garment(s)	AHD/W7
	ready	adj	prepared for some action/experience	AHD/W7
	ride	vb	to sit/travel on back of animal	AHD/W7
	road	n	place less enclosed than harbor where ships ride at anchor	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	rītan	vb	to ride	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	reið	n.fem	chariot; riding	LRC
	reiði	n.masc/neut	trappings, harness; rigging, tackle	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	garaiþs	adj	arrayed, arranged, commanded	W7/GED
	raidjan	vb.wk	to establish, correctly determine	GED
Italic
Latin:	veredus	n.masc	post-horse	W7
Vulgar Latin:	arredo, arredare	vb	to equip	W7
	conredo, conredare	vb	to prepare	W7
Late Latin:	paraveredus	n.masc	post-horse for secondary roads	W7
Old French:	arayer	vb	to array	W7
	correer	vb	to curry, prepare	W7
	palefrei	n.masc	steed for women	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
WE	=	H. Meurig Evans and W.O. Thomas: Welsh-English, English-Welsh Dictionary (1969)