The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. rē̆k- 'to reck, reckon, arrange, prepare'

Semantic Fields: Account, Reckoning; Ready (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	racu	n.str.fem	talk, account, exposition; situation	GED
	rēc(c)an	vb.wk	to reck	GED/ASD
	recenian	vb.wk	to reckon, arrange, dispose	GED
Middle English:	recken	vb	to reck	W7
	rekenen	vb	to reckon	W7
English:	reck	vb	to care/worry (about)	AHD/W7
	reckless	adj	rash, wild, without care/caution	IEW/W7
	reckon	vb	to count, consider	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rek(e)nia	vb.wk	to reckon	GED
Old Saxon:	raka	n.str.fem	talk; situation	GED
	rōkian	vb.wk	to reck	GED
Middle Low German:	rekenen	vb.wk	to reckon	GED
Old High German:	rahha	n.str.fem	talk; situation	GED
	rehhenon/rehhanōn	vb.wk	to order, direct, prepare	GED/ASD
	ruohha	n.fem	care	GED
	ruohhen	vb.wk	to reck	GED
	ruohian	vb	to reck	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	regin	n.neut.pl	powers, rulers, gods	LRC
	Reginn	prop.n.masc	brother of Fafnir	LRC
Old Icelandic:	rǫk	n.pl	fates, courses, expositions	GED
	røkja	vb.wk	to reck	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	garēhsns	n.str.fem	(fixed) time, determination; plan, design	GED
	*rahnjan	vb.wk.I	to reckon, calculate	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	račiti	vb	to want	GED
	rešti, rekǫ, rečeši	vb	to say, tell	LRC
	rokъ	n	definite time	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	racanā-	n	arrangement	GED
	racáyati	vb	to produce	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	reki, rekauna	n	word(s)	GED
Tocharian A:	rake	n	word	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next