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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. reu-, reu̯ə- : rū̆- 'to open, tear out, dig/rip up, etc.'

Semantic Fields: to Open; to Tear; to Dig, Delve

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	be-rēafi(ge)an/bi-rēafian	vb.wk	to bereave	W7
	ragg	n	rag	W7
	rēaf	n.neut	spoil, booty	ASD
	rēafere/rēafigend	n.masc	reaver	ASD
	rēafian	vb.wk	to reave	W7
	rēofan	vb.str	to break, rive, rend	IEW/ASD
	rodd	n	rod	W7
	rūh	adj	rough, hairy, shaggy	W7
Middle English:	bereven	vb	to bereave	W7
	corrupt	adj	corrupt	W7
	corrupten	vb	to corrupt	W7
	garderobe	n	garderobe, bedroom, privy	W7
	interrupten	vb	to interrupt	W7
	ragge	n	rag	W7
	rapen	vb	to rape	W7
	reven	vb	to reave	W7
	ridden	vb	to rid, clear	W7
	robben	vb	to rob	W7
	robe	n	robe	W7
	robyl	n	rubble	W7
	robys	n	rubbish	W7
	rod	n	rod	W7
	rough	adj	rough	W7
	rover	n	rover	W7
	rug	n	rag, tuft	W7
	ruine	n	ruin	W7
	ruptur	n	rupture	W7
	usurpen	vb	to usurp	W7
English:	abrupt	adj	broken off	AHD/W7
	bankrupt	n	person whose estate is legally administered for creditors' benefit	AHD/W7
	bereave, bereft	vb.str.trans	to strip, dispossess, deprive esp. by death	AHD/W7
	corrugate	vb	to furrow, form/shape into folds/grooves/ridges/wrinkles	AHD/W7
	corrupt	adj	depraved, morally perverted	AHD/W7
	corrupt	vb	to change morals/manners/actions from good to bad	AHD/W7
	disrupt	vb.trans	to rupture, break apart	AHD/W7
	erupt	vb	to release/force out suddenly/violently	AHD/W7
	garderobe	n	wardrobe or its contents	AHD/W7
	interrupt	vb	to stop/hinder by breaking in	AHD/W7
	irrupt	vb.intrans	to rush in forcibly/violently	AHD/W7
	loot	n	spoils, goods taken in war	AHD/W7
	rabble	n	iron bar with end bent for use in puddling iron	AHD/W7
	rag	n	waste piece of cloth	AHD/W7
	rape	vb.trans	to seize, plunder	W7
	reave	vb	to rob, spoil, plunder	AHD/W7
	reaver	n	rover, robber, spoiler	LRC
	rid, rid	vb.trans	to save, rescue; relieve; disencumber	AHD/W7
	rip	vb	to split open, tear apart	AHD/W7
	rob	vb	to steal from, take something by force/threat	AHD/W7
	robe	n	long flowing outer garment	AHD/W7
	rod	n	slender straight stick on/from tree/bush	AHD/W7
	rough	adj	coarse, marked by ridges/projections/imperfections on surface	AHD/W7
	rout	n	state of wild confusion/disorderly retreat	AHD/W7
	rover	n	pirate, plunderer	AHD/W7
	ruana	n	poncho, poncho-like garment	AHD
	rubato	n	speed fluctuation within musical phrase	AHD/W7
	rubbish	n	trash, useless waste	IEW/W7
	rubble	n	rough stone from quarry	IEW/W7
	ruble	n	unit of Russian currency	AHD/W7
	rug	n	thick heavy fabric used as floor covering	AHD/W7
	ruga	n	visceral fold/wrinkle	AHD/W7
	rugose	adj	full of wrinkles	AHD/W7
	ruin	n	collapse, downfall	AHD/W7
	rupicolous	adj	living among/inhabiting/growing on rocks	AHD/W7
	rupture	n	breach of peace/concord	AHD/W7
	usurp	vb	to seize by force, hold without right	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rāf	n	booty, robbery; pledge	ASD
	rāvia	vb	to reave	ASD
Old Dutch:	roof	n	spoils, booty, plunder	ASD
	rouw/rū(gh)	adj	rough, hairy, shaggy	ASD
	rōven	vb	to reave	ASD
Middle Dutch:	roven	vb	to reave	W7
	rover	n	rover	W7
Flemish:	rippen	vb	to strip off roughly	W7
Old Saxon:	nōd-rōf	n	rapine	ASD
Old High German:	roub	n	spoils, booty, plunder	ASD
	roubari	n	robber	ASD
	roubōn	vb	to rob	W7
	rūh	adj	rough, hairy, shaggy, bristly	ASD
German:	Bankrott	n.masc	bankrupt	LRC
	Raub	n.masc	robbery	LRC
	rauben	vb	to rob	LRC
	Räuber	n.masc	robber	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rudda	n	club	W7
	ryðja	vb	to clear	W7
	rögg	n	tuft, shagginess	W7
Icelandic:	raufa	vb	to reave	ASD
	raufari/reyfari	n	reaver	ASD
	rjúfa	vb	to break, rip up	ASD
	val-rauf	n	spoils taken from the slain	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bi-raubon	vb	to rob	ASD
Italic
Latin:	abrumpo, abrumpere	vb	to break off	W7
	abruptus	vb.ptc	steep, abrupt	W7
	corrugatus	vb.ptc	wrinkled, corrugated	W7
	corrugo, corrugāre	vb	to wrinkle, corrugate	W7
	corrumpo, corrumpere	vb	to corrupt, break to pieces	W7
	corruptus	vb.ptc	corrupt, broken to pieces	W7
	disrumpo, disrumpere	vb	to break, disrupt	W7
	disruptus	vb.ptc	broken, disrupted	W7
	erumpo, erumpere	vb	to erupt, burst forth	W7
	eruptus	vb.ptc	erupted, burst forth	W7
	interrumpo, interrumpere	vb	to interrupt	W7
	interruptus	vb.ptc	interrupted	W7
	irrumpo, irrumpere	vb	to interrupt, break in	W7
	irruptus	vb.ptc	irrupted, broken in	W7
	rapiō, rapere	vb	to rape, ravish	W7
	ruere	vb	to rush, fall, dig up	W7
	ruga	n.fem	wrinkle	W7
	rugosus	adj	harsh	W7
	ruina	n.fem	ruin, destruction	W7
	rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus	vb	to break	LRC
	ruo, ruere	vb	to rush, hasten; collapse, hurl down	W7
	rupes	n.fem	rock	W7
	ruptura	n.fem	rupture, fracture	W7
	rutabulum	n.neut	rabble, spatule	W7
	rutus	vb.ptc	dug up	W7
	usu	n.masc.abl	by virtue of usage	W7
	usurpo, usurpare	vb	to possess by usage	W7
	usus	n.masc	use, usage	W7
Medieval Latin:	rotabulum	n.neut	rabble, spatule	W7
New Latin:	ruga	n.fem	wrinkle	W7
Portuguese:	rua	n	street	TLL
Old North French:	warderobe	n.fem	wardrobe	W7
Middle French:	banqueroute	n.fem	bankruptcy	W7
	corrupt	adj	corrupt	W7
	ruine	n.fem	ruin, destruction	W7
	rupture	n.fem	rupture, fracture	W7
	usurper	vb	to usurp	W7
French:	banqueroute	n	bankrupt	AHD
	corrompu	adj	corrupt	TLL
	râble	n.masc	fire shovel	W7
	rue	n.fem	street	TLL
Old Italian:	bancarotta	n.fem	bankruptcy	W7
	rotta	adj.fem	broken	W7
Italian:	bancarotta	n	bankrupt, lit. broken counter	AHD
	rompere	vb	to break	AHD
Slavic
Russian:	rubl	n	ruble	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	oryssein	vb	to dig	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	ravate	vb	to break up	W7
	luṇṭati	vb	to rob	W7
	loptram	n	loot, booty	AHD
Hindi:	lūṭ	n	loot, spoils	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
abl	=	ablative (case)
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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