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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. sal- 'sal, salt; brackish water'

Semantic Fields: Salt; Water

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	salann	n	salt	LRC
English
Old English:	sealt	n.neut	salt	ASD
	sealt-ȳð	n.str.fem	lit. salt-wave	LRC
Middle English:	cylte	n	silt	W7
	salade	n	salad	W7
	salarie	n	salary	W7
	saline	adj	saline	W7
	salt	n	salt	W7
	sauce	n	sauce	W7
	sausige	n	sausage	W7
	sousen	vb	to souse	W7
English:	coleslaw	n	salad of raw cabbage	W7
	hal(o)-	pfx	salt	AHD
	sal	n	salt	AHD
	salad	n	raw vegetables served with dressing	AHD/W7
	salami	n	highly seasoned pork/beef sausage	AHD/W7
	salary	n	stipend, fixed compensation paid for services	AHD/W7
	sali-	pfx	salt	AHD
	saline	adj	containing/consisting of salt	AHD/W7
	salsa	n	spicy condiment sauce	AHD
	salt	adj	salty, saline, re: salt	AHD/W7
	salt	n	sodium chloride (used to season/preserve food)	AHD/W7
	saltcellar	n	small dish for holding/dispensing salt	AHD
	sauce	n	relish/condiment for food	AHD/W7
	sausage	n	highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in intestinal casings	AHD/W7
	silt	n	loose sedimentary material with tiny rock particles	AHD/W7
	slaw	n	coleslaw	W7
	souse	vb	to pickle	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	salt	n	salt	ASD
Dutch:	koolsla	n	coleslaw, lit. cabbage salad	W7
	sla	n	slaw, salad, lettuce	W7/TLL
Old Saxon:	salt	n	salt	ASD
Old Low German:	salt	n	salt	ASD
Old High German:	salz	n	salt	W7
	sulza	n	brine	W7
	sulza	n	salt marsh	W7
German:	Kopfsalat	n	lettuce, lit. head-salad	TLL
	Salz	n.neut	salt	LRC
	Sole	n.fem	brine	LRC
	Sulze/Sülze	n.fem	brine, aspic	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	salt	n	salt	ASD
Danish:	salat	n	salad, lettuce	TLL
	sylt	n	salt marsh	W7
Swedish:	sallad	n	salad, lettuce	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	salt	n	salt	LRC
Crimean Gothic:	salt	n	salt	CGo
Italic
Latin:	sāl, salis	n.masc	sal, brine, sea(water)	W7
	salarium	n.neut	salary, salt money, pension	W7
	salarius	adj	re: salt	W7
	salinus	adj	re: salt	W7
	sallo, sallere	vb	to salt	W7
	salsus	adj	salted	W7
Late Latin:	salsicia	n.fem	sausage	W7
Portuguese:	sal	n	salt	TLL
Spanish:	sal	n	salt	TLL
Old North French:	saussiche	n.fem	sausage	W7
Middle French:	salade	n.fem	salad	W7
	sauce	n.fem	sauce, gravy	W7
French:	sel	n	salt	TLL
Old Provençal:	sal	n.masc	salt	W7
	salada	n.fem	salad	W7
	salar	vb	to salt	W7
Italian:	salame	n.masc	salami	W7
	salami	n.masc	salami	W7
	salare	vb	to salt	W7
	sale	n.masc	salt	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	sāls	n	salt	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	solь	n.fem	salt	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἅλς	n.masc	salt	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ał	n	salt	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	sal-ilá	n	sea	LRC
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	sāle	n	salt	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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