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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: sap-, sab- 'to taste, savvy, perceive'

Semantic Fields: to Taste (subj); to Taste (obj); to Sense, Perceive; Sense

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	mōd-sefa	n.wk.masc	mind, spirit	LRC
	sæp	n.neut	sap	ASD
	sefa	n.wk.masc	mind, understanding	ASD
Middle English:	sage	adj	sage	W7
	sap	n	sap	W7
	sapient	adj	sapient	W7
	sapor	n	sapor	W7
	savor	n	savor	W7
English:	insipid	adj	tasteless, lacking taste/savor	AHD/W7
	sabayon	n	zabaglione	AHD
	sage	adj	wise through reflection/experience	AHD/W7
	sap	n	fluid part of plant	AHD/W7
	sapid	adj	tasty, possessing flavor, affecting organs of taste	AHD/W7
	sapient	adj	sage, discerning, knowledgeable	AHD/W7
	sapor	n	savor, flavor, property affecting sense of taste	AHD/W7
	savant	n	man of learning	AHD/W7
	savor	n	taste, smell	AHD/W7
	savvy	vb	to understand, comprehend	AHD/W7
	zabaglione	n	sauce/dessert of wine/sugar/egg yolk	AHD
	zaftig	adj	plump, shapely, full-bosomed	AHD
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	sap	n	sap	CDC
Old Saxon:	mōd-seƀo	n	mind, spirit	ASD
Middle Low German:	sap	n	sap	CDC
Low German:	sapp	n	sap	CDC
Old High German:	saf/saph	n.masc	sap, juice	ASD/CDC
Middle High German:	saf	n	sap	CDC
	saft	n	juice	AHD
	saftec	adj	juicy	AHD
German:	Saft	n.masc	sap, juice, syrup	CDC
Yiddish:	zaftik	adj	juicy, zaftig	AHD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	móð-sefi	n	mind, spirit	ASD
	safi	n.masc	sap	ASD
Danish:	saft	n	sap, juice	CDC
Swedish:	saft	n	sap, juice	CDC
Italic
Oscan:	sipus	adj	sapient, knowing	W7
Latin:	sapa	n.fem	boiled must/new wine	CDC
	sapidus	adj	sapid	W7
	sapiens, sapientis	adj/vb.ptc	tasting; knowing	W7
	sapio, sapere	vb	to taste; be wise	W7
	sapor	n.masc	sapor	W7
Vulgar Latin:	sapius	adj	wise	W7
Late Latin:	insipidus	adj	tasteless	W7
Portuguese:	saber	vb	to know, savvy	TLL
	sabor	n	savor	TLL
	seiva	n	sap, juice	CDC
Spanish:	saber	vb	to know, savvy	W7
	sab(i)a	n	sap, juice	CDC
	sabor	n	savor	TLL
Old French:	sage	adj	sage	W7
	savor	n.fem	savor	W7
Middle French:	sapient	adj	sapient	W7
French:	insipide	adj	insipid	W7
	saber	vb	to yield sap	CDC
	savant	adj	sapient	W7
	saveur	n	savor	TLL
	savoir	n.masc	knowledge	W7
	savoir	vb	to know, savvy	W7
	séve/sèpe/sive	n	sap, juice	CDC
Provençal:	saba	n	sap, juice	CDC
Italian:	sapere	vb	to know, savvy	TLL
	sapore	n	savor	TLL
	zabaione	n	zabaglione	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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