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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- 'Sol, sun'

Semantic Field: Sun

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sigel/sægl/segl	n.neut	Sol; (name for) S-rune	ASD
	sunna	n.masc	sun	ASD
	sunne	n.fem	sun	ASD
	sūð	adj/adv	south; southerly	LRC
	sūðan	adv	from the south	ASD
	sūðerne	adj	southern	W7
	sūðe-weard	adj	southward	LRC
	Sūð-Seaxan/Sūð-Seaxe	prop.n.masc.pl	Sussex, lit. South Saxons	ASD
	sūð-stæð	n.neut	south shore	LRC
Middle English:	Sol	prop.n	Sol	W7
	sol	n	sol	W7
	solar	adj	solar	W7
	south	adj/adv	south	W7
	southern	adj	southern	W7
	southren	adj	southern	W7
	sunne	n	sun	W7
	turnesole	n	turnsole	W7
English:	anthelion	n	bright white spot on parhelic circle opposite sun	AHD/W7
	aphelion	n	point in comet/planet orbit most distant from sun	AHD/W7
	girasol	n	Jerusalem artichoke	AHD/W7
	heliacal	adj	re: sun	AHD/W7
	helio-	pfx	sun	AHD
	heliocentric	adj	lit. sun-centered	LRC
	Helios	prop.n	sun god (Greek mythology)	W7
	helium	n	light colorless inert gas	AHD/W7
	insolate	vb	to expose to sun's rays	AHD/W7
	isohel	n	map/chart line depicting places with equal sunshine duration	AHD/W7
	parasol	n	lightweight umbrella used as sunshade	AHD/W7
	parhelion	n	bright colored spot on parhelic circle	AHD/W7
	perihelion	n	orbital point nearest sun's center	AHD
	Sol	prop.n	the Sun	AHD/W7
	sol	n	monetary unit	AHD/W7
	solanaceous	adj	re: nightshade plant family	AHD
	solanine	n	bitter poisonous crystalline alkaloid	AHD/W7
	solar	adj	re: sun	AHD/W7
	solarium	n	apartment exposed to sun	AHD/W7
	south	adv/adj	southward; re: the south	AHD/W7
	south	n	direction to right when facing east	W7
	southern	adj	re: region conventionally designated South	AHD/W7
	Southfarthing	prop.n	Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Southlinch	prop.n	Bree pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	southward	adv	to/toward the south
	sun	n	luminous celestial body	AHD/W7
	sundew	n	drosera: insectivorous plant	AHD
	Sunlending	prop.n	a.k.a. Gondor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	turnsole	n	plant whose stems/flowers turn with sun	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	suthern	adj	southern	ASD
Dutch:	zon	n	sun	TLL
	zuiden	n	south	TLL
Old Saxon:	sunna	n.fem	sun	ASD
	sunno	n.masc	sun	ASD
Old Low German:	sunna	n.fem	sun	ASD
Old High German:	sundan	adv	from the south	ASD
	sundrōni/sundirin	adj	southern	W7/ASD
	sunna	n.fem	sun	ASD
	sunno	n.masc	sun	ASD
German:	Sonne	n.fem	sun	LRC
	Süden	n.masc	south	LRC
	südlich	adj	southern	LRC
N-Germanic
Runic:	*sowilo	n	Sol; (name for) S-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	sól	n.fem	Sol	LRC
	suðr	adv	southwards	LRC
Icelandic:	sól	n.fem	Sol	ASD
	suðrænn	adj	southern	ASD
	sunna	n.fem	sun	ASD
	sunnan	adv	from the south	ASD
Danish:	sol	n	sun	TLL
	syd	n	south	TLL
Swedish:	sol	n	sun	TLL
	söder	n	south	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	sauil	n.neut	Sol	ASD
	sunna	n.masc	sun	ASD
	sunnō	n.wk.fem/neut	sun	LRC
Crimean Gothic:	sune	n	sun	CGo
Italic
Latin:	insolatus	vb.ptc	insolated	W7
	insolo, insolare	vb	to insolate	W7
	sōl, sōlis	n.masc	the sun	LRC
	solanum	n.neut	nightshade	W7
	solaris	adj	re: sun	W7
	solarium	n.neut	sundial, terrace	W7
Late Latin:	heliacus	adj	re: sun	W7
Medieval Latin:	sole	n.masc	sun	W7
New Latin:	aphelion	n.neut	aphelion	W7
	helium	n.neut	helium	W7
Spanish:	sol	n.masc	sun	W7
American Spanish:	sol	n.masc	sun; monetary unit	W7
Middle French:	sol	n	coin: 12 deniers	W7
	tournesol	n.masc	sunflower	W7
French:	parasol	n.masc	parasol	W7
Old Italian:	parare	vb	to shield	W7
	parasole	n.masc	parasol	W7
	sole	n.masc	sun	W7
	tornasole	n.masc	sunflower, heliotrope	W7
Italian:	girare	vb	to turn	W7
	girasole	n.fem	sunflower	W7
	sòle	n.masc	sun	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	saule	n.fem	sun, sunlight, sunshine	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	anthēlios	adj	opposite the sun	W7
	Ἠέλιος	n.masc	Helios	LRC
	hēliakos	adj	round object	W7
	ἧλιος	n.masc	sun	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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