Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss;
our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
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Pokorny Etymon: sed- 'to sit'
Semantic Field: to Sit
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||||||
| Old Irish: | sūide | n | soot | W7 | ||||
| Scots Gaelic: | bean-sīth | n.fem | banshee | W7 | ||||
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | medu-setl | n.neut | lit. mead-seat | LRC | ||||
| sadol | n.masc | saddle | W7 | |||||
| setl | n.neut | seat, settle | W7 | |||||
| settan | vb | to set | W7 | |||||
| sittan | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| sōt | n.neut | soot | W7 | |||||
| Middle English: | acceden | vb | to accede | W7 | ||||
| access | n | access | W7 | |||||
| ancestre | n | ancestor | W7 | |||||
| assessen | vb | to assess | W7 | |||||
| assise | n | assize | W7 | |||||
| cesen | vb | to cease | W7 | |||||
| cession | n | cession | W7 | |||||
| chaiere | n | chair | W7 | |||||
| deces | n | decease | W7 | |||||
| exceden | vb | to exceed | W7 | |||||
| eyas | n | eyas | W7 | |||||
| incessaunt | adj | incessant | W7 | |||||
| necessarie | adj | necessary | W7 | |||||
| neias | n | eyas | W7 | |||||
| nest | n | nest | W7 | |||||
| nocke | n | nock, notched end | W7 | |||||
| nyke | n | nick, notch | W7 | |||||
| pariode | n | period | W7 | |||||
| possessen | vb | to possess | W7 | |||||
| preceden | vb | to precede | W7 | |||||
| predecessour | n | predecessor | W7 | |||||
| proceden | vb | to proceed | W7 | |||||
| residen | vb | to reside | W7 | |||||
| sadel | n | saddle | W7 | |||||
| se | n | see | W7 | |||||
| session | n | session | W7 | |||||
| sete | n | seat | W7 | |||||
| setten | vb | to set | W7 | |||||
| settle | n | settle | W7 | |||||
| settlen | vb | to seat, bring/come to rest | W7 | |||||
| sewer | n | sewer | W7 | |||||
| sitten | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| soil | n | soil | W7 | |||||
| soot | n | soot | W7 | |||||
| subsidy | n | subsidy | W7 | |||||
| succeden | vb | to succeed | W7 | |||||
| surcesen | vb | to surcease | W7 | |||||
| sursesen | vb | to surcease | W7 | |||||
| English: | abscess | n | collection of pus in inflamed tissue | AHD/W7 | ||||
| accede | vb.intrans | to approach | AHD/W7 | |||||
| access | n | onset | AHD/W7 | |||||
| ancestor | n | person from whom one is descended | AHD/W7 | |||||
| anode | n | positive terminal of electrolytic cell | AHD/W7 | |||||
| antecede | vb.trans | to precede | AHD/W7 | |||||
| assess | vb.trans | to determine rate/amount (e.g. of tax) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| assiduous | adj | steadily attentive | AHD/W7 | |||||
| assize | n | ordinance, enactment made by legislative assembly | AHD/W7 | |||||
| banshee | n | female spirit whose wailing warns family of approaching death (Gaelic folklore) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| cathedra | n | bishop's official throne | AHD/W7 | |||||
| cathode | n | negative terminal of electrolytic cell | AHD/W7 | |||||
| cease | vb | to terminate, bring to end | AHD/W7 | |||||
| cede | vb.trans | to yield/grant (typically by treaty) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| cession | n | concession, yielding to another | AHD/W7 | |||||
| chair | n | seat (for one person) with four legs and back | AHD/W7 | |||||
| concede | vb | to grant as right/privilege | AHD/W7 | |||||
| decease | n | death, departure from life | AHD/W7 | |||||
| dissident | adj | disaffected, differing with group/opinion | AHD/W7 | |||||
| edaphic | adj | re: soil | AHD/W7 | |||||
| ephedrine | n | crystalline alkaloid extracted from plants | AHD/W7 | |||||
| episode | n | unit of action in dramatic/literary work | AHD/W7 | |||||
| ersatz | adj | synthetic, substitute | AHD/W7 | |||||
| exceed | vb | to extend outside | AHD/W7 | |||||
| eyas | n | unfledged bird, nestling hawk | AHD/W7 | |||||
| -hedron | n.sfx | crystal/geometric figure having (specified) form/number of surfaces | AHD/W7 | |||||
| incessant | adj | unceasing, continuing/following without interruption | AHD/W7 | |||||
| insessorial | adj | re: perching | AHD/W7 | |||||
| insidious | adj | treacherous, awaiting chance to entrap | AHD/W7 | |||||
| intercede | vb.intrans | to mediate, act with view to reconciling differences between parties | AHD/W7 | |||||
| isopiestic | adj | isobaric, re: equal pressure | AHD/W7 | |||||
| method | n | process/procedure for accomplishing something | AHD/W7 | |||||
| necessary | adj | inescapable, of inevitable nature | AHD/W7 | |||||
| nest | n | bed/receptacle prepared by bird for its eggs/young | AHD/W7 | |||||
| niche | n | recess in wall (esp. for statue) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| nick | n | slit, notch | AHD/W7 | |||||
| nidicolous | adj | reared in nest | AHD/W7 | |||||
| nidifugous | adj | leaving nest soon after hatching | AHD/W7 | |||||
| nidus | n | nest/breeding place | AHD/W7 | |||||
| obsess | vb.trans | to beset, harass | AHD/W7 | |||||
| -ode | n.sfx | way, path | AHD/W7 | |||||
| odometer | n | instrument for measuring distance traversed | AHD/W7 | |||||
| period | n | sentence, utterance from full stop to stop | AHD/W7 | |||||
| piezo- | pfx | pressure | AHD/W7 | |||||
| possess | vb.trans | to own/have as property | AHD/W7 | |||||
| precede | vb | to surpass in rank/dignity/importance | AHD/W7 | |||||
| predecessor | n | one that precedes | AHD/W7 | |||||
| preside | vb.intrans | to occupy place/position of authority | AHD/W7 | |||||
| proceed | vb.intrans | to issue, come forth from source | AHD/W7 | |||||
| recede | vb.intrans | to withdraw, move back/away | AHD/W7 | |||||
| reside | vb.intrans | to be incumbent in office/benefice | AHD/W7 | |||||
| retrocede | vb.intrans | to recede, go back | AHD/W7 | |||||
| saddle | n | padded/leather-covered seat for (horseback) rider | AHD/W7 | |||||
| seance | n | sitting, session | AHD/W7 | |||||
| seat | n | chair, sitting place | AHD/W7 | |||||
| secede | vb.intrans | to withdraw from communion/organization | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sedate | adj | unruffled, keeping quiet steady pace/attitude | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sedentary | adj | settled, not migratory | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sederunt | n | prolonged sitting (e.g. for discussion) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sediment | n | dregs, matter settled to bottom of liquid | AHD/W7 | |||||
| see | n | cathedra | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sessile | adj | attached directly by base (not raised on stalk/peduncle) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| session | n | meeting(s) of group for transaction of business | AHD/W7 | |||||
| set | vb | to place, cause to sit | AHD/W7 | |||||
| settle | n | wooden bench with arms/high solid back/enclosed foundation | AHD/W7 | |||||
| settle | vb | to put/fix so as to stay | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sewer | n | medieval household table officer | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sit | vb | to rest upon buttocks/haunches | AHD/W7 | |||||
| sitzmark | n | depression left in snow by skier falling backward | AHD/W7 | |||||
| soil | n | earth, firm land | AHD/W7 | |||||
| soot | n | black powder formed by combustion | AHD/W7 | |||||
| stomodaeum | n | anterior ectodermal part of alimentary canal/tract | AHD/W7 | |||||
| subside | vb.intrans | to settle, sink/fall to bottom | AHD/W7 | |||||
| subsidy | n | gift/grant of money | AHD/W7 | |||||
| succeed | vb | to come after another in (possession of) estate | AHD/W7 | |||||
| supersede | vb.trans | to defer, postpone, omit, discontinue | AHD/W7 | |||||
| surcease | vb | to desist from action | AHD/W7 | |||||
| synizesis | n | uniting (in pronunciation) adjacent vowels to form one syllable | AHD/W7 | |||||
| synod | n | council | AHD/W7 | |||||
| tetrahedron | n | polyhedron of four faces | AHD/W7 | |||||
| Upanishad | prop.n | collection of Vedic religious/philosophical texts (Hinduism) | LRC | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old High German: | nest | n | nest | W7 | ||||
| satul | n | saddle | W7 | |||||
| sezzal | n | seat | W7 | |||||
| sezzen | vb | to set | W7 | |||||
| sizzen | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| German: | Ersatz | n.masc | substitute, replacement | W7 | ||||
| sitzen | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| Sitzmarke | n.fem | sitzmark | W7 | |||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | set | n.neut | seat; raised floor along sides of hall | LRC | ||||
| setja | vb | to set, put, place, seat, set up | LRC | |||||
| sæti | n | seat | W7 | |||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | sitan | vb.str.V | to sit | LRC | ||||
| Italic | ||||||||
| Latin: | abscēdo, abscedere | vb | to go away | W7 | ||||
| abscessus | n.masc | act of going away | W7 | |||||
| abscessus | vb.ptc | gone away | W7 | |||||
| accedo, accedere | vb | to approach, go to, be added | W7 | |||||
| accessus | n.masc | approach | W7 | |||||
| accessus | vb.ptc | approached | W7 | |||||
| antecedo, antecedere | vb | to go before | W7 | |||||
| antecessor | n.masc | one that goes before | W7 | |||||
| antecessus | vb.ptc | one who came before | W7 | |||||
| assideō, assidēre | vb | to sit by/near, assist in office of judge | W7 | |||||
| assīdō, assīdere | vb | to sit down, take a seat | W7 | |||||
| assiduus | adj | continuous | W7 | |||||
| cathedra | n.fem | seat, local seat of the Church | W7 | |||||
| cēdō, cedere, cessī, cessum | vb | to go, cede, depart, withdraw | LRC | |||||
| cessans | vb.pres.ptc | stopping | W7 | |||||
| cessant- | stem | stopping | W7 | |||||
| cessio | n.fem | giving up | W7 | |||||
| cession- | stem | giving up | W7 | |||||
| cesso, cessare | vb | to stop, delay | W7 | |||||
| cessus | vb.ptc | given up | W7 | |||||
| cis | prep | on this side | W7 | |||||
| concedo, concedere | vb | to yield, concede | W7 | |||||
| decedo, decedere | vb | to die, depart, withdraw | W7 | |||||
| decessor | n.masc | retiring governor | W7 | |||||
| decessus | n.masc | death, departure | W7 | |||||
| dissidens | adj/vb.ptc | sitting apart, disagreeing | W7 | |||||
| dissident- | stem | sitting apart, disagreeing | W7 | |||||
| dissideo, dissidēre | vb | to sit apart, disagree | W7 | |||||
| ephedra | n.fem | a (nearly leafless) desert shrub | W7 | |||||
| excedo, excedere | vb | to go out | W7 | |||||
| insessus | vb.ptc | seated on | W7 | |||||
| insideo, insidēre | vb | to sit on | W7 | |||||
| insidiae | n.fem.pl | ambush, plot | W7 | |||||
| insidiosus | adj | plotting | W7 | |||||
| intercedo, intercedere | vb | to go between | W7 | |||||
| methodus | n.masc | method | W7 | |||||
| necessarius | adj | necessary, closely connected | W7 | |||||
| necesse | adj | requisite, necessary, unavoidable | W7 | |||||
| nidus | n.masc | nest | W7 | |||||
| obsessus | vb.ptc | to be besieged | W7 | |||||
| obsido, obsidēre | vb | to besiege, beset | W7 | |||||
| periodus | n.fem | rhetorical period | W7 | |||||
| possessio, possessionis | n.fem | possession | LRC | |||||
| possessus | vb.ptc | possessed | W7 | |||||
| possideo, possidēre | vb | to possess | W7 | |||||
| potis | adj | able | W7 | |||||
| praecedo, praecedere | vb | to precede | W7 | |||||
| praesideo, praesidēre | vb | to guard, preside over, lit. sit in front of | W7 | |||||
| prōcēdō, procedere, processī, processum | vb | to advance, go forward | LRC | |||||
| recēdō, rēcedere, rēcessī, rēcessum | vb | to retire, withdraw | LRC | |||||
| recedo, recedere | vb | to go back | W7 | |||||
| resideo, residēre | vb | to remain | W7 | |||||
| retrocedo, retrocedere | vb | to give back | W7 | |||||
| secedo, secedere | vb | to separated | W7 | |||||
| sedatus | vb.ptc | calmed | W7 | |||||
| sedens | vb.pres.ptc | sitting | W7 | |||||
| sedent- | vb.pres.ptc | sitting | W7 | |||||
| sedentarius | adj | sedentary | W7 | |||||
| sedeō, sedēre | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| sedes, sedis | n.fem | seat, habitation | LRC | |||||
| sedimentum | n.neut | settling | W7 | |||||
| sēdō, sēdāre | vb | to lay, calm, settle | W7 | |||||
| sella | n.fem | seat, chair, saddle | W7 | |||||
| sessilis | adj | low, re: sitting, dwarf (of plants) | W7 | |||||
| sessio | n.fem | act/period of sitting | W7 | |||||
| session- | stem | act/period of sitting | W7 | |||||
| sessus | vb.ptc | sat | W7 | |||||
| sīdo, sīdere | vb | to sink, settle, sit down | W7 | |||||
| solium | n.neut | seat | W7 | |||||
| subsidium | n.neut | help, reserves | W7 | |||||
| subsido, subsidere | vb | to squat, bow down | W7 | |||||
| succēdō, succedere, successī, sucessum | vb | to enter, succeed, follow after | LRC | |||||
| supersedeō, supersedēre | vb | to sit on, refrain from, be superior to | W7 | |||||
| Vulgar Latin: | assedo, assedēre | vb | to sit beside | W7 | ||||
| nidax | n.masc | nestling | W7 | |||||
| nidico, nidicāre | vb | to nest | W7 | |||||
| Late Latin: | incessans | adj | incessant, non-stop | W7 | ||||
| incessant- | stem | incessant, non-stop | W7 | |||||
| praedecessor | n.masc | predecessor, one who comes before | W7 | |||||
| synodus | n.masc | synod, meeting, assembly | W7 | |||||
| Medieval Latin: | assessus | vb.ptc | assessed | W7 | ||||
| assideō, assidēre | vb | to assess | W7 | |||||
| periodus | n.fem | period of time; punctuation mark | W7 | |||||
| retrocedo, retrocedere | vb | to retrocede, give again | W7 | |||||
| New Latin: | Ephedra | prop.n.fem | (genus of shrubs) | W7 | ||||
| -hedron | n.sfx | side, face | W7 | |||||
| nidus | n.masc | nest, breeding-place | W7 | |||||
| stom- | pfx | mouth | W7 | |||||
| stomodaeum | n.neut | anterior ectodermal part of alimentary canal/tract | W7 | |||||
| tetrahedron | n.neut | polyhedron with four faces | W7 | |||||
| Old French: | ancestre | n.masc | ancestor | W7 | ||||
| asseoir | vb | to seat | W7 | |||||
| assise | n.fem | session, assessment, settlement | W7 | |||||
| cesser | vb | to stop | W7 | |||||
| chaiere | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| Anglo-French: | asseour | n.masc | seater | W7 | ||||
| soil | n.masc | seat | W7 | |||||
| Middle French: | acces | n.masc | arrival | W7 | ||||
| cession | n.fem | action of yielding/giving up | W7 | |||||
| deces | n.masc | decease, death | W7 | |||||
| exceder | vb | to exceed | W7 | |||||
| methode | n.fem | method | W7 | |||||
| niais | adj | fresh from the nest; stupid | W7 | |||||
| niche | n.fem | nest, cavity | W7 | |||||
| nicher | vb | to nest | W7 | |||||
| periode | n.fem | period (of time); sentence | W7 | |||||
| possesser | vb | to possess | W7 | |||||
| précéder | vb | to precede, come before | W7 | |||||
| prédecessur | n.masc | predecessor | W7 | |||||
| procéder | vb | to proceed | W7 | |||||
| résider | vb | to dwell, reside | W7 | |||||
| sédentaire | adj | sedentary | W7 | |||||
| sédiment | n.masc | sediment | W7 | |||||
| session | n.fem | session, assembly, period of work | W7 | |||||
| superséder | vb | to refrain from | W7 | |||||
| surseoir | vb | to allow a delay | W7 | |||||
| sursis | vb.ptc | allowed a delay | W7 | |||||
| French: | asseoir | vb | to seat oneself | W7 | ||||
| céder | vb | to yield | W7 | |||||
| concéder | vb | to concede | W7 | |||||
| niche | n.fem | nest, cavity | W7 | |||||
| odomètre | n.masc | odometer | W7 | |||||
| rétrocéder | vb | to retrocede, give back | W7 | |||||
| séance | n.fem | period of sitting for a meeting; (archaic) a play | W7 | |||||
| seoir | vb | to sit, fit, be suitable | W7 | |||||
| Baltic | ||||||||
| Lithuanian: | sėdėti, sėdi, sėdėjo | vb | to sit | LRC | ||||
| Slavic | ||||||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sěděti, sěždǫ, sědiši | vb | to sit, remain | LRC | ||||
| sěsti, sědǫ, sědeši | vb | to sit down | LRC | |||||
| xoditi, xoždǫ, xodiši | vb | to go, walk | LRC | |||||
| Hellenic | ||||||||
| Greek: | anodos | n.masc | way up | W7 | ||||
| edaphos | n.neut | bottom, ground | W7 | |||||
| hedra | n.fem | seat | W7 | |||||
| -edron | afx | side | W7 | |||||
| hezesthai | vb | to sit | W7 | |||||
| eisodios | adj | coming in | W7 | |||||
| ἐνέδρα | n.fem | ambush | LRC | |||||
| epeisodios | adj | coming in besides | W7 | |||||
| ἔσοδος | n.fem | entrance | LRC | |||||
| Ephedra | prop.n.fem | Ephedra | W7 | |||||
| ephedros | adj | sitting upon | W7 | |||||
| hizein | vb | to set down | W7 | |||||
| kathedra | n.fem | seat, local seat of the Church | W7 | |||||
| kathodos | n.fem | way down | W7 | |||||
| methodos | n.fem | pursuit, scientific inquiry | W7/LS | |||||
| hodaios | adj | being on the way | W7 | |||||
| hodometron | n.neut | odometer | W7 | |||||
| ὁδός | n.fem | way, road | LRC | |||||
| -odos | afx | to sing, song | W7 | |||||
| hodos | n.fem | road | W7 | |||||
| periodos | n.masc | circuit, period of time, rhetorical period | W7 | |||||
| piezein | vb | to press | W7 | |||||
| piestos | adj | compressible | W7 | |||||
| synizein | vb | to blend, collapse, sit down together | W7 | |||||
| synizēsis | n.fem | blending of adjacent vowels in prosody | W7 | |||||
| synodos | n.masc | meeting, assembly | W7 | |||||
| Late Greek: | synodos | n.masc | synod | W7 | ||||
| tetraedron | n.neut | tetrahedron | W7 | |||||
| tetraedros | adj | having four faces | W7 | |||||
| Armenian | ||||||||
| Classical Armenian: | nstim | vb | to sit | LRC | ||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | upaniṣad | n | Vedic treatise dealing with broad philosophical problems | W7 | ||||
| pīḍayati | vb | to squeeze | W7 | |||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| stem | = | stem |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th ed. (1889, rev. 2001) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |