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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. sel- 'to grab, seize, take'

Semantic Fields: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of; to Take

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	sellaim	vb	to take	RPN
English
Old English:	sǣl	n.neut	time, season, occasion; happiness	ASD
	sǣlig	adj	silly, blessed, fortunate	W7
	sala	n.masc	sale	ASD
	salu	n	sale	RPN
	sellan/sillan/sylian	vb.wk	to sell, give, lend, supply	RPN/ASD
	sel(l)en/sylen	n.fem	gift, grant	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	consul	n	consul	W7
	hansell	n	handsel	W7
	hilarite	n	hilarity, good spirits	AHD
	sale	n	sale	W7
	sellen	vb	to sell	W7
	sely/silly	adj	silly; happy, innocent	W7
	solas	n	solace	W7
English:	console	vb.trans	to alleviate grief	AHD/W7
	consul	n	chief magistrate of republic	W7
	consulate	n	office/jurisdiction of consul	W7
	consult	vb	to confer with, solicit advice from	W7
	consultant	n	expert, one who consults/gives advice	W7
	counsel	n	advice	TLL
	counsel	vb	to advise	TLL
	counsellor	n	one who counsels	LRC
	exhilarate	vb.trans	to enliven, make cheerful	AHD/W7
	handsel	n	gift as token of good luck/wishes	AHD/W7
	hilarious	adj	re: hilarity	AHD
	hilarity	n	mirth, great merriment	AHD
	sale	n	act of selling	AHD/W7
	sell, sold	vb	to betray, deliver/give up (violating trust/duty/loyalty)	AHD/W7
	silly	adj	weak, helpless, defenseless, pitiable	AHD/OED
	solace	n	alleviation of grief/anxiety	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	sella	vb	to sell, give, pay	ASD
Dutch:	consulaat	n	consulate	TLL
Old Saxon:	sālig	adj	silly, blessed, fortunate	ASD
	sellian	vb	to sell, give	ASD
Old Low German:	sālig/sēlig	adj	silly, blessed, fortunate	ASD
Old High German:	sala	n.fem	sale, surrender, giving up/over	ASD
	sālig	adj	silly, happy	W7
	sellan	n.pl	traders	ASD
	sellen	vb	to sell, deliver, hand over	RPN
German:	Konsulat	n	consulate	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	sala	n.fem	sale	ASD
Old Icelandic:	selja	vb	to sell, give up	RPN
Icelandic:	sæla	n	joy, bliss, happiness	ASD
Danish:	konsulat	n	consulate	TLL
Swedish:	konsulat	n	consulate	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	salja	vb	to offer sacrifice	RPN
	saljan	vb	to sell, offer	ASD
	sēlei	n	goodness	ASD
Italic
Latin:	consilium, consilii	n.neut	counsel	LRC
	consul, consulis	n.masc	consul	LRC
	cōnsulō, cōnsulere	vb	to reflect, take counsel	LRC
	exhilaratus	vb.ptc	made cheerful	W7
	exhilaro, exhilarare	vb	to make cheerful	W7
	hilaro, hilarare	vb	to gladden	W7
	hilarus	adj	glad, cheerful	W7
	solacium	n.neut	act of consoling	W7
	solor, solāri	vb.dep	to console	W7
Portuguese:	conselho	n	counsel	TLL
Spanish:	consejo	n	counsel	TLL
Old French:	solas	n.fem	solace	W7
French:	conseil	n	counsel	TLL
	consoler	vb	to console, comfort	W7
Italian:	consiglio	n	counsel	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	ἐλεῖν	vb	to take, seize	RPN
	ἑλώριον	n.neut	spoils, booty	LRC
	ἱλᾰρός	adj	merry, joyous, cheerful, hilarious	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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