The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: (s)kāi- 'bright, shining'

Semantic Field: Bright

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hād/hǣd	n	rank, status	GED
	-hād	sfx	-hood	GED
	hādor/hǣdor	adj	brisk	GED
Middle English:	celen	vb	to ceil	W9
	celing	n	ceiling	W9
	-hed/-hod	n.sfx	-hood	W7
	maidenhed	n	maidenhead	W7
English:	ceil	vb	to furnish with lining	W9
	ceiling	n	overhead inside room lining	W9
	cheetah	n	swift spotted long-legged African cat	AHD/W7
	chint, chints	n	printed calico from India	AHD/W7
	chintz	n	printed calico from India	AHD/W7
	-hood	n.sfx	state, condition, quality, character	AHD/W7
	maidenhead	n	maidenhood, virginity	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	-hēd(e)/heid	n.sfx	-hood	GED/ASD
Old Saxon:	hēd	n	rank, status	GED
	hēdar/hēdor	adj	brisk	GED/ASD
Old High German:	heit	n.str.masc	rank, status	GED
	heitar	adj	brisk, bright, clear	GED
	-heit(i)	n.sfx	-hood	GED/ASD
German:	-heit	n.sfx	-hood	ASD
	heiter	adj	clear, bright	ASD
N-Germanic
Runic:	haiðz-runo	n	bright runes	GED
Old Norse:	heiðr	adj	bright, clear	LRC
Old Icelandic:	heið	n	bright sky	GED
	heiðr	adj	brisk	GED
	heiðr	n.str.masc	rank, honor	GED
Icelandic:	heiðr	adj	bright (of the sky/stars)	ASD
	heiðr	n	honor	ASD
Danish:	-hed	n.sfx	-hood	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*haidus	n.masc	way, manner	GED
Italic
Latin:	caelo, caelare	vb	to carve, chisel, engrave	LRC
	caelum, caeli	n.neut	sky, heavens	LRC
Portuguese:	céu	n	sky, heavens	TLL
Spanish:	cielo	n.masc	sky, heavens	TLL
Middle French:	*celer	vb	to ceil, carve	W9
French:	ciel	n.masc	sky, heavens	TLL
Italian:	cielo	n.masc	sky, heavens	TLL
Iranian
Avestan:	ciþrō	adj	bright	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ketúṣ	n	form, brightness	GED
	citra	adj	bright	W7
Hindi:	cītā	n	tiger	W7
	chīt	n	printed calico	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
W9	=	Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983)

Nearby etyma: previous | next