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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t- 'to cuff, kick'

Semantic Field: to Hit, Strike, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	celen	vb	to ceil	W7
	chisel	n	chisel	W7
	circumcisen	vb	to circumcise	W7
	deciden	vb	to decide	W7
	sallet	n	sallet	W7
	sement	n	cement	W7
	sisoure	n	scissor	W7
English:	abscind	vb	to cut off	CDC
	abscise	vb	to cut off	AHD/W7
	abscissa	n	mathematical term for X coordinate in Cartesian plane	AHD
	abscission	n	removal, cutting off	W7
	caesura	n	break in verse caused by ending of word within foot	AHD/W7
	ceil	vb.trans	to furnish (e.g. wooden ship) with lining	AHD/W7
	cement	n	powder used in mortar/concrete	AHD/W7
	cestus	n	boxer's hand covering	AHD/W7
	chisel	n	metal tool with cutting edge at end	AHD/W7
	-cide	n.sfx	killer	AHD/W7
	circumcise	vb.trans	to cut off prepuce/clitoris	AHD/W7
	concise	adj	marked by brevity of statement/expression	AHD/W7
	decide	vb	to arrive at solution ending dispute/uncertainty	AHD/W7
	excise	vb.trans	to cut out	AHD/W7
	feticide	n	act/instance of killing fetus	AHD/W7
	fratricide	n	one who kills a sibling	AHD/W7
	incise	vb.trans	to cut into	AHD/W7
	precise	adj	sharply/exactly defined/stated	AHD/W7
	recision	n	cancellation	AHD/W7
	sallet	n	light helmet with projection over neck	AHD/W7
	scissor	n	scissors	AHD/W7
	sororicide	n	killing of one's sister	AHD
	suicide	n	act/instance of killing oneself	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	cement	n	cement	TLL
Middle High German:	heie	n	mallet	W7
German:	Zement	n	cement	TLL
N-Germanic
Danish:	cement	n	cement	TLL
Swedish:	cement	n	cement	TLL
Italic
Latin:	abscīdō, abscīdere	vb	to abscise, hew off	W7/ELD
	abscindō, abscindere	vb	to abscind, tear off, break off/away	AHD/ELD
	abscīsus, abscīsa, abscīsum	adj	severed, cut off	W7
	caedes, caedis	n.fem	murder	LRC
	caedo, caedere	vb	to cut, kill, murder	W7
	caelo, caelāre	vb	to carve	W7
	caelum	n.neut	chisel	W7
	caementum, caementi	n.neut	quarry-stone, stone chip	LRC
	caestus	n.masc	gauntlet for boxer	W7
	caesura	n.fem	act of cutting	W7
	caesus	vb.ptc	cut	W7
	-cida	sfx	-cide	W7
	-cidium	sfx	killing	W7
	circumcido, circumcidere	vb	to circumcise	W7
	circumcisus	vb.ptc	circumcised	W7
	concido, concidere	vb	to cut up	W7
	concisus	vb.ptc	broken up into divisions	W7
	decido, decidere	vb	to decide, cut off	W7
	excido, excidere	vb	to cut out	W7
	excisus	vb.ptc	cut out	W7
	incido, incidere	vb	to fall on, happen	W7
	incisus	vb.ptc	cut in	W7
	praecido, praecidere	vb	to cut off	W7
	praecisus	vb.ptc	cut off	W7
Vulgar Latin:	caesorium	n.neut	cutting instrument	W7
Late Latin:	caesura	n.fem	caesura	W7
	cisorium	n.neut	cutting instrument	W7
	rescissio, rescissionis	n.fem	rescission	W7
Old French:	ciment	n.masc	cement	W7
Old North French:	chisel	n.masc	chisel, cutter	W7
	chisoir	n.masc	goldsmith's chisel	W7
Middle French:	celer	vb	to hide	W7
	-cide	sfx	having killed	W7
	cisoire	n.fem	cutting instrument	W7
	decider	vb	to decide	W7
	incise	adj.fem	chiselled	W7
	inciser	vb	to make an incision	W7
	précis	adj	precise	W7
	recision	n.fem	recision	W7
	rescision	n.fem	act of cutting again	W7
	sallade	n.fem	helmet	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	xayc	n	bite	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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