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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. (s)kel- 'to parch, dessicate, dry out'

Semantic Field: Dry, Arid

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sceald	adj	shoal	IEW
Middle English:	schalowe	adj	shallow	IEW
	sclirosis	n	sclerosis	W7
	shold	adj	shoal	W7
English:	sclera	n	opaque white part of eyeball enclosure	AHD/W7
	scler(o)-	pfx	hard(ness)	AHD
	scleroma	n	abnormally hard body tissue	AHD
	sclerosis	n	pathological tissue hardening	AHD/W7
	sclerotic	n	sclera	AHD/W7
	sclerotium	n	hardened mycelium storing reserve food material	AHD/W7
	sclerotization	n	arthropod cuticle hardening other than by chitin	AHD
	sclerous	adj	hard, indurated	AHD/W7
	shallow	adj	not deep, having little depth	IEW/W7
	shoal	adj	shallow	W7
	shoal	n	shallow water	W7
	skeleton	n	rigid supportive/protective structure/framework of organism	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Low German:	scholl	n	shoal	IEW
Italic
Medieval Latin:	sclerosis	n.fem	sclerosis	W7
New Latin:	sclera	n.fem	opaque coat enclosing eyeball	W7
	sclerotium	n.neut	mass of hardened mycelium	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	kaltēt, kaltēju, kaltēju	vb	to dry	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	σκέλλω	vb	to parch, dry up	LRC
Greek:	skeletos	adj	dried up	W7
	sklēros	adj	hard	W7
	sklēroun	vb	to harden	W7
	sklērōsis	n.fem	hardening	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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