The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. (s)ker- 'to bend, curve, turn'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Turn

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	cruind	adj	round	W7/IED
Welsh:	crwn	adj	round	RPN
English
Old English:	crisp	adj	crisp	W7
	hrēac	n.masc	rick, heap	IEW/ASD
	hrin(c)g	n.masc	ring, circle, circuit	W7/ASD
	hrisian	vb.wk	to shake, tremble	W7/ASD
	hrung	n.fem	rung	IEW
	hrycg	n	ridge, back	W7
	scrincan	vb	to shrink	W7
Middle English:	ara(y)ngen/arengen	vb	to arrange	W7/CDC
	cerchen	vb	to search	W7
	cercle	n	circle	W7
	coroune	n	crown	W7
	corounen	vb	to crown	W7
	creste	n	crest	W7
	crisp	adj	crisp	W7
	crowne	n	crown	W7
	frouncen	vb	to curl	W7
	range	n	range	W7
	rangen	vb	to range	W7
	reek	n	rick	W7
	rigge	n	ridge	W7
	ring	n	ring	W7
	ruke	n	pile of combustible material	W7
	rung	n	rung	W7
	shrinken	vb	to shrink	W7
English:	arrange	vb	to dispose, put in proper order	AHD/W7
	circa	prep	approximately at/in/of	AHD/W7
	circadian	adj	re: circa 1-day periodicity	AHD
	circinate	adj	rounded, coiled	AHD/W7
	circle	n	ring, halo	AHD/W7
	circum-	pfx	around, about	AHD/W7
	circus	n	arena enclosed by banks of seats	AHD/W7
	cirque	n	circus	AHD/W7
	corona	n	projecting part of classic cornice	AHD/W7
	corvette	n	small, highly maneuverable warship	W7
	crepe	n	light crinkled woven fabric	AHD/W7
	crest	n	showy tuft/process on bird/animal head	AHD/W7
	cricoid	adj	re: cartilage of larynx with which arytenoid cartilages articulate	AHD/W7
	crisp	adj	wavy, curly	AHD/W7
	crispate	adj	crisp, curled, ruffled	AHD
	crissum, crissa	n	feathers/area under bird's tail	AHD
	crista	n	crest, ridge	AHD
	cristate	adj	re: crista	AHD
	crown	n	mark of honor, reward of victory	AHD/W7
	crown	vb.trans	to place crown/wreath upon head	AHD/W7
	curb	n	chain/strap on bit used to restrain horse	AHD/W7
	curvature	n	act of curving, state of being curved	AHD
	curve	adj.arch	curved: bent, turned, twisted	AHD/W7
	curve	n	bend, something curved	W7
	curve	vb	to turn/change/deviate from straight without sharp break/angularity	AHD/W7
	curvet	n	prancing leap of horse	AHD/W7
	derange	vb.trans	to disarrange	AHD/W7
	flounce	n	frounce	AHD/W7
	frounce	n	fabric strip attached by one edge	AHD/W7
	koruna	n	crown (Czech monetary unit)	AHD/W7
	krona	n	crown (Swedish/Icelandic monetary unit)	AHD/W7
	krone	n	crown (Danish/Austrian monetary unit)	AHD/W7
	kurtosis	n	flatness/peakedness of graphic representation of frequency distribution	AHD/W7
	ranch	n	land for raising horses/cattle/sheep	AHD/W7
	range	n	row, series of things in line	AHD/W7
	range	vb	to set in row/proper order	AHD/W7
	rank	n	row, series	AHD/W7
	recherche	adj	rare, choice, exotic, exquisite	AHD/W7
	rick	n	stack (e.g. hay) in open air	IEW/W7
	ridge	n	elevated body part (e.g. along backbone)	AHD/W7
	ring	n	circular band for holding/connecting	AHD/W7
	ringhals	n	spitting cobra	AHD
	Ringwraith	prop.n	a.k.a. Nazgûl in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	rink	n	smooth extent of ice	AHD/W7
	ruck	n	jumble, indistinguishable collection	AHD/W7
	rucksack	n	knapsack: supply bag strapped on back	AHD/W7
	rung	n	rail, spoke, cross-bar	IEW/OED
	search	vb	to seek carefully/thoroughly	AHD/W7
	shrink	vb	to cower, huddle, contract/curl up body	AHD/W7
Scots English:	rinc	n	area where contest is held	W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	schrinken	vb	to draw back	W7
Dutch:	rug	n	ridge, back	TLL
Old Saxon:	hrisian	vb	to shake, tremble	ASD
Old High German:	hring	n	ring	W7
	hrukki	n	ridge, back	W7
	skank	n	frame; cupboard	KDW
	skrank	n	deceit	KDW
German:	Kehre	n.fem	turning, winding, reversal	LRC
	kehren	vb	to curve, sweep	LRC
	Krone	n.fem	crown, coronet; Austrian monetary unit	W7
	Kurve	n	curve	TLL
	Ring	n.masc	ring	ASD
	Rücken	n.masc	ridge, back	LRC
	Schrank	n	cupboard	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hraukr	n	rick	W7
	hríð	n.fem	while, time; storm, attack	LRC
	hrúga	n.fem	heap	LRC
	hrøkkva	vb	to fall back	LRC
Icelandic:	hringr	n	ring, circle	ASD
	hrista	vb	to shake	ASD
	krōna	n	crown (Icelandic monetary unit)	W7/IEO
Danish:	krone	n	crown (Danish monetary unit)	W7
	ryg	n	ridge, back	TLL
Swedish:	krona	n	crown (Swedish monetary unit)	W7/SEO
	kurva	n	curve	TLL
	rygg	n	ridge, back	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hrisian	vb	to shake, tremble	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	rinck, ringo	n	ring	CGo
Italic
Latin:	circa	adv	around	W7
	circinatus	vb.ptc	surrounding	W7
	circino, circināre	vb	to round	W7
	circinus	n.masc	pair of compasses	W7
	circulus	n.masc	circle	W7
	circum	adv/prep	around	LRC
	circus	n.masc	circle, circus, round building	W7
	corona	n.fem	crown, wreath	W7
	corono, coronare	vb	to crown	W7
	crīsō, crīsāre	vb	to move haunches	AHD/ELD
	crīspō, crīspāre	vb	to swing, brandish	AHD/ELD
	crīspus	adj	crisp	W7
	crista	n.fem	tuft, comb, crista	W7/ELD
	crux, crucis	n.fem	cross	W7
	curvo, curvare	vb	to curve	W7
	curvus	adj	bent, arched, curved	RPN
Late Latin:	circo, circāre	vb	to go about	W7
New Latin:	cricoides	n.masc	cartilage in larynx	W7
Old Spanish:	ranchear	vb	to take up quarters	W7
Spanish:	cerca	adv	around	TLL
	rancho	n.masc	camp, hut	W7
Mexican Spanish:	rancho	n.masc	small ranch	W7
Old French:	arangier/arengier	vb	to arrange	W7/CDC
	cercle	n.masc	circle	W7
	circum-	pfx	around	W7
	corone	n.fem	crown	W7
	coroner	vb	to crown	W7
	desrengier	vb	to derange	W7
	renc/reng	n.masc	rank, line, place, row	W7
	renge	n.fem	range	W7
	rengier	vb	to place, set in row	W7
Middle French:	arangier	vb	to arrange	W7
	cerchier	vb	to go about, survey, search	W7
	courbe	n.fem	curve, curved piece of wood/iron	W7
	courber	vb	to curve	W7
	courbette	n.fem	curtsy	W7
	creste	n.fem	curved land	W7
	ranger	vb	to place, set in row	W7
	renc	n.masc	row, rank	W7
French:	arranger	vb	to arrange, put into rank	CDC
	cirque	n.masc	circus	W7
	crêpe	n.fem	crepe, pancake	W7
	déranger	vb	to derange, bother	W7
	recherché	adj	recherche	W7
Italian:	corvetta	n.fem	corvette	W7/CID
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kraipaũ, kraipýti	vb	to turn about	RPN
	kreĩvas	adj	curved, crooked; wry	RPN
	krypstù, krỹpti	vb	to bow, bend	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	krilo	n.neut	wing; pinnacle	LRC
Russian:	krivít’	vb	to bend, distort	RPN
	krivój	adj	curved, crooked	RPN
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	κίρκος	n.masc	hawk/falcon that circles	LRC
	κορώνη	n.fem	sea-crow, cormorant	LS
	κορωνίς	adj	bent, curved	LRC
	κρίκος	n.masc	ring, necklace, bracelet	LRC
	κυρτός	adj	curved, rounded	LRC
Greek:	kirkos	n.masc	ring	W7
	κορωνός	adj	curved, crooked	RPN
	krikoeidēs	adj	ring-shaped	W7
	kyrtos	adj	convex	W7
	kyrtōsis	n.fem	convexity	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	skarəna-	adj	round	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
IEO	=	Arngrimur Sigurdsson: Íslenzk-Ensk Orðabók (1970)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
SEO	=	Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next