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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- 'to hide, wrap, cover'

Semantic Fields: to Hide, Conceal; to Wind, Wrap; to Cover

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	cuarān	n	shoe	GED
Welsh:	curan	n	shoe	GED
	cwd	n	scrotum	GED
English
Old English:	bōc-hūs	n.neut	library, lit. book-house	MEV
	ge-scȳ	n.neut	shoes, footwear	GED
	hord	n.masc/neut	hoard, treasure	ASD
	hordian	vb.wk	to hoard	GED/ASD
	hosa	n.masc	hose, stocking; husk	W7
	hūs	n.neut	house	LRC
	hȳd	n.fem	hide, skin	GED
	hȳdan	vb.wk	to hide, conceal	GED
	māðum-hūs	n.neut	treasury, lit. treasure-house	ASD
	scēawian	vb	to look at	GED
	scēo/scō(h)	n.masc	shoe	GED/ASD
	scōg(e)an, scōde, scōd	vb.wk	to shoe	ASD
	scū(w)a	n.masc	shadow	GED
Middle English:	boc-hous	n	library, lit. book-house	MEV
	custodie	n	custody	W7
	hide	n	hide, animal skin	W7
	hord	n	hoard	W7
	hose	n	hose	W7
	hous	n	house	W7
	obscure	adj	obscure	W7
	reculen	vb	to recoil	W7
	schele	n	hut	AHD
	scum	n	scum	W7
	shoo	n	shoe	W7
	skimmen	vb	to skim	W7
	sky	n	sky	W7
English:	bascule	n	structure/apparatus with one end counterbalanced by another	AHD/W7
	chiaroscuro	n	pictorial representation as light/shade without color	AHD/W7
	choanocyte	n	collared/flagellated monadiform sponge cell	AHD/CDC
	culet	n	armor covering buttocks	AHD/W7
	culotte	n	divided skirt	AHD/W7
	custody	n	immediate charge/control exercised by person/authority	AHD/W7
	cutaneous	adj	re: skin	AHD/W7
	cuticle	n	skin, pellicle	AHD/W7
	cutin	n	outer epidermal wall of plant	AHD/W7
	cutis	n	skin, dermis	AHD
	-cyte	n.sfx	cell	AHD/W7
	cyt(o)-	pfx	cell	AHD
	Fallohide	prop.n	hobbit clan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hide, hid, hidden	vb.str	to cover, conceal	GED
	hide	n	raw/dressed skin of animal	AHD/W7
	histiocyte	n	phagocytic tissue cell	AHD/W7
	hoard	n	hidden/stored-up fund/supply	AHD/W7
	hoard	vb	to collect/lay up, amass/deposit in secret	W2I
	hose	n	cloth leg/foot covering	AHD/W7
	hosel	n	socket in golf clubhead where shaft attaches	AHD
	house	n	building used as family living quarters	W7
	huddle	n	densely packed group/crowd	AHD
	hut	n	shack, small simple temporary dwelling	AHD/W7
	kishke	n	boiled/roasted beef sausage	AHD
	lederhosen	n	knee-length leather trousers	AHD/W7
	Mathom-house	prop.n	weapon museum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	meerschaum	n	hydrous magnesium silicate: light, fine white clay/mineral	AHD/W7
	obscure	adj	dark, dusky, with little/no light	AHD/W7
	pinocytosis	n	cell ingesting fluid through membrane	AHD
	recoil	vb.intrans	to fall/shrink back	AHD/W7
	scum	n	foul filmy covering on surface of liquid	AHD/W7
	shoe, sho(e)d	vb.wk	to furnish/put on shoes	W7
	shoe	n	outer covering for human foot	W7
	skewbald	adj	re: patches of white on non-black coat	AHD
	skim	vb	to clear off scum/floating matter	AHD/W7
	sky	n	firmament, atmosphere constituting arch/vault over earth	AHD/W7
British English:	shieling	n	shepherd's hut	AHD
Scots English:	shiel	n	hut	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hotha	n	testicle	GED
	hūd/hēd	n	hide, skin	ASD
	hūs	n	house	ASD
	skawia/skowia	vb	to look at, inspect	ASD
	skōch/scō	n	shoe	GED/ASD
Middle Dutch:	schum	n	scum	W7
Dutch:	huid	n	hide, skin	TLL
	huis	n	house	LRC
	hut	n	hut	TLL
	schoen	n	shoe	TLL
	schuim	n	scum, foam	TLL
	schuur	n	barn	TLL
Old Saxon:	gi-scōhi/gi-skohi	n	shoes, footwear	GED/ASD
	hord	n.neut	hoard, treasure	GED/ASD
	hūs	n	house	ASD
	skauwōn/scawōn	vb	to look at	GED/ASD
	skōh	n	shoe	GED
Old Low German:	scauwōn/scouwōn	vb	to look (at)	ASD
	scō	n	shoe	ASD
Old High German:	gi-scuohi	n.str.neut	shoes, footwear	GED
	hodo	n.wk.masc	testicle	GED
	hort	n.str.neut	hoard, treasure	GED
	hosa	n	leg covering	W7
	hūs	n	house	ASD
	hūt	n.str.neut	hide, skin	GED
	hutta	n	hut	W7
	scūm	n	scum, foam	W7
	scuoh	n.str.neut	shoe	GED
	scū(wo)/scuwo	n.str.masc	shadow	GED/ASD
	skiura/skūra	n	barn	KDW
	skouwōn/scouwōn/sca(u)wōn	vb.wk	to look at	GED/ASD
	skugina	n	barn	KDW
	skūr	n	shelter, protection	GED
Middle High German:	gi-hurten	vb.wk	to hoard, collect treasure	GED
	hose	n	trousers	W7
	lederhose	n	leather trousers	W7
	schuoch	n	shoe	GED
German:	Haus	n.neut	house	ASD
	häuslich	adj	domestic	TLL
	Haut	n.fem	hide, skin	ASD
	Hode	n.masc	testicle	LRC
	horten	vb	to hoard	LRC
	Hosen	n.fem.pl	trousers	LRC
	Hütte	n.fem	hut	LRC
	Lederhosen	n.fem.pl	leather trousers	W7
	Meerschaum	n.masc	meerschaum	W7
	Schaum	n.masc	scum, foam, froth	W7
	Scheuer	n.fem	shed, barn, granary	LRC
	Scheune	n	barn	TLL
	Schuh	n.masc	shoe	GED
Yiddish:	kishke	n	kishke	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hauss	n.masc	skull	LRC
	hús	n.neut	house, room; [pl.] farm	LRC
	hús-frú	n	wife	KNW
	skáli	n.masc	shed; hall, sleeping-hall	LRC
	skúr	n	almond hull	KNW
	skȳ	n	sky, cloud	W7
Old Icelandic:	hodd	n	hoard, treasure	GED
	hūð	n	skin	GED
	skōr	n	shoe	GED
	skugg-sjā	n.fem	mirror	GED
Icelandic:	hodd	n.neut	hoard, treasure	ASD
	húð	n	hide, skin	ASD
	hús	n	house	ASD
	skór	n	shoe	ASD
	skuggi	n	shadow, spectre	ASD
Danish:	hus	n	house	TLL
	hustru	n	wife	TLL
	hytte	n	hut	TLL
	sko	n	shoe	TLL
	skugge	n	shadow	TLL
	skum	n	scum, foam	TLL
	sky	n	cloud	TLL
Old Swedish:	hydda	vb.wk	to conceal	GED
Swedish:	hustru	n	wife	TLL
	hydda	n	hut	TLL
	sko	n	shoe	TLL
	skugga	n	shadow	TLL
	skum	n	scum, foam	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-skohi	n	shoes, footwear	ASD
	hūs	n	house	ASD
	huzd	n.neut	hoard, treasure	GED
	*skohs	n.masc	shoe, sandal	GED
	*skuggwa	n.wk.masc	mirror	GED
Crimean Gothic:	hus	n	house	CGo
Italic
Latin:	culus	n.masc	backside	W7
	custodia	n.fem	guarding	W7
	custos, custodis	n.masc	guardian	W7
	cuticula	n.fem.dim	cuticle, little skin	W7
	cutis	n.fem	cutis	GED
	obscūrus	adj	dark, covered, obscure	GED
New Latin:	cutaneus	adj	cutaneous	W7
	-cyta	sfx	-cyte	W7
Old French:	cul	n.masc	backside	W7
	reculer	vb	to step back	W7
Middle French:	obscur	adj	dark, obscure	W7
French:	bascule	n.fem	rocker	W7
	cul	n.masc	backside (vulgar)	W7
	culotte	n.fem	pants, breeches	W7
	écume	n	scum, foam	TLL
Italian:	chiaro	adj	clear, light	W7
	chiaroscuro	n.masc	clair-obscur, light and shade	W7
	oscuro	adj	dark, obscure	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	skūrà	n	leather, bark of tree	GED
Slavic
Russian:	kishka	n	kishke, intestine	AHD
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	κεύθω	vb	to hide, conceal	GED
	κύστις	n.fem	bladder	LRC
	σκῦτος	n.masc	skin, hide, leather	GED
Greek:	κύσθος	n.masc	vulva	GED
	kytos	n.masc	hollow vessel	W7
	σκῡ́νια	n.pl	brows	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	skunā́ti	vb	to cover	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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