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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: spend- 'to offer a libation'

Semantic Field: to Pour

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	espousen	vb	to espouse	W7
	sponde	n	spondee	W7
	spouse	n	spouse	W7
English:	despond	vb.intrans	to become discouraged/disheartened	AHD/W7
	espouse	vb.trans	to marry	AHD/W7
	respond	vb	to answer, say something in return	AHD/W7
	spondee	n	metrical foot: two long/stressed syllables	AHD/W7
	sponsor	n	one who presents candidate for baptism/confirmation	AHD/W7
	spouse	n	wife/husband, married person	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	despondeō, despondēre	vb	to promise	W7
	respondeō, respondēre	vb	to respond, answer	W7
	spondeō, spondēre	vb	to promise, betroth	W7
	spondeum	n.neut	spondee	W7
	spōnsa	n.fem	bride, betrothed woman	W7
	spōnsor, spōnsōris	n.masc	bail, surety; bondsman, guarantor	W7
	spōnsus	n.masc	groom, betrothed man	W7
	spōnsus	vb.ptc	promised, guaranteed	W7
Late Latin:	sponso, sponsāre	vb	to betroth	W7
Spanish:	esposo	n	spouse	TLL
Old French:	espous	n.masc	husband	W7
	espouse	n.fem	wife	W7
Middle French:	espouser	vb	to marry	W7
	respondre	vb	to answer	W7
	spondée	n.fem	metrical foot: two long syllables	W7
French:	épou	n	spouse	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	σπένδω	vb	to promise, pour a libation	LRC
	σπονδεῖος	adj	re: libation	LRC
	σπονδή	n.fem	libation, drink-offering	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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