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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā- 'to condense, press together; stiff; stone'

Semantic Fields: to Gather, Collect; to Press; Rock, Stone

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	Æðelstān	prop.n	Athelstan, lit. noble-stone	LRC
	bryn-stān	n.masc	brimstone	MEV
	eorc(n)an-stān/eorcen-stān	n.str.masc	jewel, precious stone, lit. silver-stone	ASD
	stān	n.masc	stone	W7
	stān-boga	n.masc	arch, bridge, lit. stone-bow	ASD
	stān-clif	n.neut	stony cliff	LRC
	stig/stī	n.neut	sty, enclosure; hall, part of house	W7/IEW
	stī(g)-weard	n.masc	steward, lit. hall-ward	W7
Middle English:	brinston/brynstane	n	brimstone	W7/MEV
	steward	n	steward	W7
	ston(e)	n	stone	W7
	sty	n	sty	W7
English:	Arkenstone	prop.n	Thorin's precious stone in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	Athelstan	prop.n	king of England (AD 924/925 - 939)	LRC
	brimstone	n	sulfur	AHD/W7
	Elfstan	prop.n	hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Elfstone	prop.n	a.k.a. Aragorn in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	steapsin	n	lipase in pancreatic juice	AHD/W7
	stearic	adj	re: stearin/tallow	AHD/W7
	stearin	n	ester of glycerol/stearic acid	AHD/W7
	steatite	n	soapstone: massive talc	AHD/W7
	stein	n	earthenware beer mug	AHD/W7
	steward	n	one employed to manage domestic concerns	AHD/W7
	stone	n	concretion of earthy/mineral matter	AHD/W7
	Stonebows	prop.n.pl	a.k.a. Brandywine Bridge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Stonewain	prop.n	narrow valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	sty	n	enclosure for animals (esp. swine)	W7
	tungsten	n	hard heavy ductile polyvalent metal	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	stēn	n	stone	ASD
Dutch:	steen	n	stone	TLL
Old Saxon:	stēn	n	stone	ASD
Old High German:	stein	n.masc	stone	W7
	stīga	n.fem	sty; hall	ASD
Middle High German:	stīge/stīje	n	sty for small livestock	IEW
German:	Steige	n.fem	sty, hen-coop	ASD
	Stein	n.masc	stone	W7
	Steingut	n.neut	stoneware, pottery	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	Aðalsteinn	prop.n	Athelstan, lit. noble stone	LRC
	bautarsteinn	n.masc	memorial stone	LRC
	jarknasteinn	n.masc	precious stone	LRC
	steinn	n.masc	stone, rock	LRC
	stī	n	sty	W7
Icelandic:	steina-brú	n	(natural) stone bridge	ASD
	stein-bogi	n	stone arch	ASD
	steinn	n	stone	ASD
	stía	n.fem	sty, kennel	ASD
	stívarðr	n	steward	ASD
	svína-stí	n	pig-sty	ASD
Danish:	sten	n	stone	TLL
	stí	n	sty	ASD
Swedish:	sten	n	stone	W7
	stia	n.fem	sty	ASD
	tungsten	n	tungsten, lit. heavy stone	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	stáins	n.str.masc	stone	LRC
Italic
Latin:	steatitis	n.fem	precious stone	W7
French:	stéarine	n.fem	stearin	W7/R1
	stéarique	adj	stearic, re: stearine	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	στέαρ	n.neut	(hard) fat, tallow	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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