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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)teg- 'stake, pole, beam'

Semantic Field: Beam

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	staca	n.masc	stake, pole	GED
Middle English:	at(t)achen	vb	to attach	W7/CDC
	stak	n	stack	W7
	stake	n	stake	W7
	stakeren	vb	to stacker	W7
English:	attach	vb	to take by writ/legal authority	AHD/W7
	attack	vb	to set upon forcefully	AHD/W7
	stack	n	large conical pile (e.g. hay stacked in field)	AHD/W7
	stacker	vb	to stagger	AHD/W7
	stagger	vb	to totter, reel side-to-side	AHD/W7
	stake	n	pointed piece of wood driven into ground	AHD/W7
	stockade	n	defensive line of firmly set stout posts	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	staka/stac(e)	n.masc	stake, pole	GED/ASD
Middle Low German:	stake	n	stake, rod	GED
Old High German:	spizzin	n.dat	young deer, stag in first head	GED
	stache	n.dat	young deer, stag in first head	GED
	stahhulla	n.str.masc/neut	point, spike	GED
	stehhen	vb.wk	to stake down, fasten	GED
	stehho	n.masc	stake, pole	GED
German:	Stecken	n.masc	stake, pole	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	staka	vb	to push	W7
	stakkr	n	stack	W7
	stakra	vb.freq	to push	W7
Old Icelandic:	staka	vb.wk	to stake down, fasten	GED
	st(j)aki	n.masc	stake, pole	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*staks	n.masc	mark	GED
Italic
Latin:	tignum	n.neut	beam, timber	GED
Portuguese:	atacar	vb	to attack	CDC
Spanish:	atacar	vb	to attack	CDC
Old French:	atach(i)er	vb	to attach	CDC
	a(t)taquer	vb	to attack	CDC
	estache	n	stake	AHD
	estachier	vb	to attach	W7
Middle French:	attacher	vb	to attach, fasten	W7
French:	attacher	vb	to attach	CDC
	attaquer	vb	to attack	CDC
	estacade	n.fem	stockade	W7
Old Occitan:	attacar	vb	to attack	CDC
Old Italian:	estaccare	vb	to attach	W7
Italian:	attaccare	vb	to attack	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	stãgaras	n	long, dry stem	GED
	stegerỹs	n	long, dry stem	GED
Latvian:	stę̄ga, stę̄gs	n	long stick	GED
	stęga	n	penis	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	stežerъ	n	support	GED/IEW
	stogъ	n	haystack	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	t'akn	n	club	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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