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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-, stē̆ip-, stī̆p- 'stick, pole, stake; stiff'

Semantic Fields: Beam; Hard

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	stīf	adj	stiff	W7
Middle English:	steven	vb	to steeve	W7
	stif	adj	stiff	W7
	stuble	n	stubble	W7
	stuflen	vb	to stifle	W7
English:	constipate	vb.trans	to make costive, cause constipation in	AHD/W7
	constipation	n	inability to defecate	TLL
	etiolate	vb.trans	to bleach/alter natural development of by excluding sunlight	AHD/W7
	steeve	vb.trans	to stow in ship's hold	AHD/W7
	stevedore	n	one who (un)loads ship in port	AHD/W7
	stiff	adj	rigid, not easily bent	AHD/W7
	stifle	vb	to choke, muffle, smother, suffocate	IEW
	stipe	n	short plant stalk	AHD/W7
	stipel	n	stipule of leaflet	AHD/W7
	stipes	n	peduncle	AHD/W7
	stipple	vb.trans	to engrave via dots/flicks	AHD/W7
	stipule	n	appendage at base of leaf in plant	AHD/W7
	stubble	n	herbaceous plant part left in soil after harvest	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	stijf	adj	stiff	W7
Dutch:	stijf	adj	stiff	ASD
	stippelen	vb	to stipple	W7
Middle High German:	stīf	adj	stiff	ASD
German:	steif	adj	stiff	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	stīfla	vb	to dam, check, restrain, stifle	IEW
Danish:	stiv	adj	stiff	ASD
Swedish:	styf	adj	stiff	ASD
Italic
Latin:	constipo, constipāre	vb	to crowd together	W7
	stipes	n.masc	tree trunk	W7
	stīpo, stīpare	vb	to compress, press together	W7
	stipula	n.fem	stalk, straw	W7
Medieval Latin:	constipatus	vb.ptc	crowded together	W7
New Latin:	stipella	n.fem	stipule of leaflet	W7
	stipes, stipitis	n.fem	root, peduncle	W7
	stipula	n.fem	stipule	W7
Portuguese:	estivar	vb	to pack tightly	W7
Spanish:	estibador	n.masc/fem	stevedore	W7/Sal
	estibar	vb	to pack tightly	W7
Old French:	estuble	n.masc	stalk, straw	W7
French:	étoiler	vb	to decorate with stars	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	στείβω	vb	to stamp, tread, trample	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	stipem	vb	to push, urge	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Sal	=	Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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