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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)ten- 'to drone, groan, thunder, etc.'

Semantic Fields: Sound (n); to Groan; Noise, Thunder

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	þunor	n.masc	thunder	W7
	þunresdæg	n.masc	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	W7
Middle English:	astonen	vb	to astound	W7
	astonien	vb	to astonish	W7
	stunen	vb	to stun	W7
	thoner/thunder	n	thunder	W7
	Thursday	prop.n	day named for Thor: Germanic thunder god	W7
English:	astonish	vb.trans	to strike with sudden fear	AHD/W7
	blunderbuss	n	short firearm with large bore/flaring muzzle	AHD/W7
	detonate	vb	to explode suddenly/violently	AHD/W7
	Donner	prop.n	Thunder: one of Santa's reindeer	LRC
	Dunder/Donder	prop.n	a.k.a. Donner	LRC
	dunderhead	n	dunce, blockhead	AHD/W7
	stun	vb.trans	to strike dizzy/senseless	AHD/W7
	Thor	prop.n	god of thunder (Norse mythology)	LRC
	thunder	n	sound heard after lightning	AHD/W7
	thunder	vb	to produce sound like thunder	W7
	Thursday	prop.n	day between Wednesday and Friday	AHD/W7
	tornado	n	tropical thunderstorm	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	thuner/tonger	n.masc	thunder	ASD
	Thunres-dei	prop.n	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	ASD
Dutch:	donder	n	thunder	W7
	donderbus	n	blunderbuss	W7
Old Low German:	thuner	n.masc	thunder	ASD
Old High German:	Toniris-tac	prop.n	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	ASD
	þonar/donar	n.masc	thunder	W7/ASD
German:	Donar	prop.n	Thor	LRC
	Donner	n.masc	thunder	LRC
	Donnerstag	n.masc	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	Þōrr	prop.n	Thor	W7
	þōrs-dagr	n.masc	Thursday, lit. Thor's day	W7
Icelandic:	þōrr	n	thunder	ASD
Danish:	torden	n	thunder	LRC
Italic
Latin:	detonatus	vb.ptc	having thundered	W7
	detono, detonare	vb	to thunder down	W7
	tono, tonare	vb	to thunder	W7
Vulgar Latin:	extono, extonare	vb	to thunder	W7
Spanish:	tronada	n.fem	thunderstorm	W7
	tronar	vb	to thunder	W7
Old French:	eston(i)er	vb	to astonish	W7/CDC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	στενάχω	vb	to sigh, groan, lament	LRC
	στονόεις	adj	sad, wretched, causing sighs/groans	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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