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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: sū̆-s, suu̯-ós 'pig, sow, swine'

Semantic Fields: Pig; Sow; Swine

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	soc	n	plowshare, lit. hog-snout	W7
English
Old English:	hogg	n	hog	W7
	mere-swīn	n.neut	dolphin, porpoise, lit. sea-pig	ASD
	sugu/sū	n.fem	sow	W7/ASD
	swīn	n.neut	swine	W7
Middle English:	hogge	n	hog	W7
	soilen	vb	to soil	W7
	soket	n	socket	W7
	sowe	n	sow	W7
	swine	n	swine	W7
English:	hog	n	domestic swine	AHD/W7
	Hyades	prop.n	(star cluster named for) daughters of Atlas: sisters of the Pleiades (Greek mythology)	LRC
	hyena	n	nocturnal Old World carnivorous mammal	AHD/W7
	hyoscine	n	scopolamine	AHD
	keelson	n	longitudinal structure fastened atop ship's keel	AHD/W7
	socket	n	hollow/opening that holds something	AHD/W7
	soil	vb	to pollute, corrupt, stain/defile morally	AHD/W7
	sow	n	adult female swine	AHD/W7
	swine	n	pig: stout-bodied omnivorous mammal	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	swīn	n.neut	swine	ASD
Dutch:	zog	n	sow	ASD
Old Saxon:	swīn	n.neut	swine	ASD
Old High German:	sū	n	sow	W7
	swīn	n.neut	swine	W7/ASD
German:	Sau	n.fem	sow	LRC
	Schwein	n.neut	swine	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	svín	n.neut	swine	ASD
	sȳr	n	sow	ASD
Danish:	so	n	sow	ASD
	svin	n	swine	TLL
Swedish:	kölsvin	n	keelson	W7
	sugga	n	sow	ASD
	svin	n	swine	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	swein	n.neut	swine	ASD
Italic
Latin:	Hyades	prop.n.fem.pl	Hyades (group of stars)	W7
	hyaena	n.fem	hyena	W7
	suile	n.neut	pig barn	W7
	sus	n.masc	hog, swine	W7
Old French:	soil	n.masc	pig-sty	W7
	soiller	vb	to soil, wallow	W7
Anglo-French:	soket	n.masc	little plowshare	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	σῦς/ὗς	n.masc	hog, swine	LRC
Greek:	hyaina	n.fem	hyena	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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