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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. su̯el- 'to burn, smolder, swelter'

Semantic Field: to Burn, Scorch

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	swelan	vb	to burn	W7
	sweltan, swealt, swulton, swolten	vb.str	to die	W7
Middle English:	swale	n	swale	W7
	swelten	vb	to die, be overcome by heat	W7
	sweltren	vb.freq	to swelter	W7
English:	sulter	vb	to swelter	AHD/W7
	sultry	adj	sweltering, very hot/humid	AHD/W7
	swale	n	low-lying stretch of (marshy) land	AHD/W7
	swelter	vb	to sweat, faint/suffer from heat	AHD/W7
	sweltry	adj	sultry, extremely hot	IEW
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	sweltan	vb	to die	ASD
Old High German:	swelzan	vb	to burn up	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	svalr	adj	cool, cold	LRC
Icelandic:	svelta	vb	to die	ASD
Danish:	sulte	vb	to starve	ASD
	sulten	adj	hungry	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	swiltan	vb	to die	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	*schwalþ/schuualth	n	death	CGo

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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