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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: tem(ə)- 'dark'

Semantic Fields: Darkness; Shade, Shadow; Dark in Color

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	temel	n	darkness	RPN
English
Middle English:	temeryte	n	temerity	W7
English:	temerarious	adj	brash, marked by temerity	AHD/W7
	temerity	n	rashness, recklessness, foolhardy/unreasonable contempt for danger/opposition	AHD/W7
	Tenebrae	prop.n	celebration re: last 3 days of Christian Holy Week	LRC
	tenebrionid	n	darkling beetle	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	þimm	n	dark	RPN
Low German:	dumper	adj	gloomy	RPN
Old High German:	demar	n	darkness	W7
Middle High German:	dunster	n	dark(ness)	RPN
German:	düster	adj	dark, gloomy; sad, dismal	LRC
Italic
Latin:	temerarius	adj	fearless, adventurous	W7
	temere	adv	randomly	W7
	temeritas	n.fem	temerity	W7
	tenebrae	n.fem.pl	darkness	RPN
	tenebriō	n	one who avoids light	AHD
	tenebrōsus	adj	dark, gloomy	CLD
Medieval Latin:	Tenebrae	prop.n.fem.pl	Tenebrae, darkness	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	tamsà	n.fem	darkness	LRC
	tamsùs, tamsì	adj	dark	LRC
Latvian:	tumsa	n	darkness	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	tьma	n	darkness	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	təmah-	n	darkness	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	támas-	n	gloom, darkness	RPN
	tamas	n	temerity	W7
	támisrā	n	dark night	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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