The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Jonathan Slocum, Interim Director :: PCL 5.112, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ten- 'to span, stretch, extend'

Semantic Fields: to Stretch; to Grow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	tant	n	string	LRC
Old Irish:	tan	n	time	LRC
English
Old English:	þenian/þennan	vb	to stretch (out), extend	RPN
Middle English:	absteinen	vb	to abstain	W7
	attenden	vb	to attend	W7
	conteinen	vb	to contain	W7
	continuen	vb	to continue	W7
	deteynen	vb	to detain	W7
	distenden	vb	to distend	W7
	entenden/intenden	vb	to intend	W7
	entertinen	vb	to entertain	W7
	extenden	vb	to extend	W7
	lieutenant	n	lieutenant	W7
	mainteinen	vb	to maintain	W7
	obteinen	vb	to obtain	W7
	perteinen	vb	to pertain	W7
	portenden	vb	to portend	W7
	pretenden	vb	to pretend	W7
	reine	n	rein	W7
	retainen/reteinen	vb	to retain	W7
	retenue	n	retinue	W7
	sustenen	vb	to sustain	W7
	tenant	n	tenant	W7
	tenden	vb	to tend	W7
	tender	n	tender	W7
	tenement	n	tenement	W7
	tenon	n	tenon	W7
	tenor	n	tenor	W7
	tente	n	tent	W7
	tenure	n	tenure	W7
	tetanus	n	tetanus	W7
	tone	n	tone	W7
English:	abstain	vb.intrans	to refrain from action	AHD/W7
	anatase	n	tetragonal titanium dioxide	AHD/W7
	attend	vb	to give heed to	AHD/W7
	attenuate	vb	to make thin/slender	AHD/W7
	baritone	n	male singing voice between bass and tenor	AHD/W7
	catatonia	n	catalepsy	AHD/W7
	contain	vb	to restrain, keep within limits	AHD/W7
	contend	vb	to vie/strive in contest/rivalry/against difficulties	AHD/W7
	continue	vb	to maintain without interruption	AHD/W7
	detain	vb.trans	to hold/keep (as if) in custody	AHD/W7
	detent	n	mechanism to lock/unlock movement	AHD/W7
	distend	vb	to extend	AHD/W7
	entertain	vb	to maintain, receive	AHD/W7
	epitasis	n	development in play leading to catastrophe	AHD/W7
	extend	vb	to assess value of (e.g. lands)	AHD/W7
	extenuate	vb.trans	to make light of	AHD/W7
	hypotenuse	n	side of triangle opposite right angle	AHD/W7
	intend	vb	to construe, interpret, understand; mean, signify	AHD/W7
	intenerate	vb.trans	to soften, make tender	AHD/W7
	lieutenant	n	officer exercising power for higher official	AHD/W7
	maintain	vb.trans	to keep in existing state, preserve from decline/failure	AHD/W7
	neoteny	n	attainment of sexual maturity in larval stage	AHD/W7
	obtain	vb	to gain/attain (by planning)	AHD/W7
	ostensible	adj	open to view, intended for display	AHD/W7
	peritoneum	n	smooth transparent serous membrane lining mammalian abdominal cavity	AHD/W7
	pertain	vb.trans	to belong as part/member/product/accessory	AHD/W7
	pertinacious	adj	adhering resolutely to design/purpose/opinion	AHD/W7
	portend	vb.trans	to bode, give omen/anticipatory sign of	AHD/W7
	pretend	vb	to profess, hold out appearance of being/possessing/performing	AHD/W7
	protasis	n	introductory part of play/narrative poem	AHD/W7
	rein	n	line fastened to each side of bit for control	AHD/W7
	retain	vb.trans	to keep in use/possession	AHD/W7
	retinaculum	n	connecting/retaining band/body	AHD/W7
	retinue	n	suite, body of retainers	AHD/W7
	sitar	n	Hindu guitar with long neck	AHD/W7
	subtend	vb.trans	to be opposite to	AHD/W7
	sustain	vb.trans	to give support/relief to	AHD/W7
	syntonic	adj	responsive/adaptive to social/interpersonal environment	AHD/W7
	taenia	n	ancient Greek fillet	AHD/W7
	tantra	n	Hindu/Buddhist scripture marked by magic/mysticism	AHD/W7
	telangiectasia	n	abnormal arteriole/capillary vessel dilation	AHD/W7
	tenable	adj	reasonable, defensible, able to be held/maintained	AHD/W7
	tenacious	adj	tough, cohesive, not easily pulled apart	AHD/W7
	tenaculum	n	slender sharp-pointed hook on handle	AHD/W7
	tenant	n	one who holds/possesses real estate/personal property by right	AHD/W7
	tend	vb	to move/direct/develop one's course in particular direction	AHD/W7
	tender	adj	fragile, delicate, having soft/yielding texture	AHD/W7
	tender	n	offer of money/service to satisfy debt/obligation	AHD/W7
	tendon	n	tough dense white fibrous cord/band attached to muscle	AHD/W7
	tendril	n	slender spiral organ attaching plant to support	AHD/W7
	tenement	n	holding, land/incorporeal property held by person	AHD/W7
	tenesmus	n	ineffectual urge to evacuate rectum/bladder	AHD/W7
	tenet	n	belief/doctrine/principle held to be true	AHD/W7
	tenon	n	projecting member for insertion into mortise	AHD/W7
	tenor	n	purport, general drift of spoken/written discourse	AHD/W7
	tense	adj	rigid, stretched tight, made taut	AHD/W7
	tent	n	collapsible shelter of canvas/other material on poles	AHD/W7
	tenuous	adj	rare, not dense	AHD/W7
	tenure	n	act/right/term/manner of holding something	AHD/W7
	tenuto	adv	holding tone/chord firmly to full length	AHD/W7
	tetanus	n	lockjaw (acute infectious disease)	AHD/W7
	tone	n	vocal/musical sound	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	den(n)en	vb	to stretch	RPN
German:	Katatonie	n.fem	catatonia	W7
Old Saxon:	þennian	vb	to stretch, extend	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	þenja	vb	to stretch, extend	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	uf-þanjan	vb	to stretch out, strive for	RPN
Italic
Umbrian:	en-tentu	n.dat	to the one stretched out	LRC
Latin:	abstineo, abstinēre	vb	to abstain	W7
	attendo, attendere	vb	to stretch to	W7
	attenuatus	vb.ptc	made thin	W7
	attenuo, attenuare	vb	to make thin	W7
	contendo, contendere	vb	to strain, exert	W7
	contineo, continēre	vb	to contain	W7
	continuo, continuare	vb	to continue	W7
	continuus	adj	continuous	W7
	detineo, detinēre	vb	to detain	W7
	distendo, distendere	vb	to distend, stretch apart	W7
	extendo, extendere	vb	to extend, stretch out	W7
	extenuatus	vb.ptc	reduced, weakened, diminished	W7
	extenuo, extenuare	vb	to reduce, weaken, diminish	W7
	hypotenusa	n.fem	hypotenuse	W7
	intendo, intendere	vb	to attend, direct attention to	W7
	intentio, intentionis	n.fem	effort	LRC
	obtineo, obtinēre	vb	to obtain, possess, hold on to	W7
	ostendo, ostendere	vb	to show	W7
	ostensus	vb.ptc	shown	W7
	pertinax, pertinacis	adj	tenacious	W7
	pertineo, pertinēre	vb	to pertain	W7
	portendo, portendere	vb	to stretch forward	W7
	praetendo, praetendere	vb	to allege as excuse, stretch (curtain) in front of	W7
	retinaculum	n.neut	halter, cable	W7
	retineo, retinēre	vb	to restrain, hold back	W7
	subtendo, subtendere	vb	to stretch beneath	W7
	sustineo, sustinēre	vb	to sustain, hold up	W7
	taenia	n.fem	band, head-band; tapeworm	W7
	tenax, tenacis	adj	tenacious	W7
	tendō, tendere	vb	to stretch, extend	RPN
	teneō, tenēre, tenuī, -	vb	to hold, control, understand	LRC
	tener	adj	tenuous, delicate	W7
	tenesmos	n.masc	straining at stool	W7
	tenor	n.masc	uninterrupted course	W7
	tensus	vb.ptc	stretched out	W7
	tenta	vb.ptc.fem	tense	W7
	tetanus	n.masc	tetanus	W7
	tonus	n.masc	tone, tension	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*retina	n.fem	rein, restraint	W7
	tenitus	vb.ptc	tenured	W7
Late Latin:	peritoneum	n.neut	peritoneum	W7
	protasis	n.fem	protasis	W7
	tenaculum	n.neut	instrument for holding	W7
Medieval Latin:	manuteneo, manutenēre	vb	to maintain	W7
	tendo, tendonis	n.masc	tendril	W7
	tenementum	n.neut	tenement	W7
	tenitura	n.fem	(land) tenure	W7
New Latin:	catatonia	n.fem	catatonia, tone going down	W7
	ectasia	n.fem	dilatation of vessels	W7
	ectasis	n.fem	ectasis	W7
	neotenia	n.fem	neoteny	W7
	retinaculum	n.neut	retinaculum	W7
	telangiectasia	n.fem	abnormal dilation of blood vessels and arterioles	W7
	tenaculum	n.neut	instrument for holding	W7
	tonus	n.masc	a state of partial contraction of a normal muscle	W7
Italian:	baritono	n.masc	baritone	W7
	tenere	vb	to hold	W7
	tenuto	vb.ptc	held, bound	W7
Old French:	contenir	vb	to contain	W7
	destendre	vb	to loosen reins	W7
	maintenir	vb	to maintain	W7
	sustenir	vb	to sustain	W7
	tenable	adj	defensible, reasonable	W7
	tendre	vb	to stretch	W7
	teneüre	n.fem	land tenure	W7
	tenir	vb	to hold	W7
	tenon	n.masc	device to hold, kind of nail	W7
	tenor	n.masc	tenor, uninterrupted course	W7
	tente	n.fem	tent	W7
	tenure	n.fem	land tenure	W7
Anglo-French:	estendre	vb	to extend	W7
Middle French:	abstenir	vb	to abstain	W7
	contendre	vb	to contend	W7
	continuer	vb	to continue	W7
	destendre	vb	to slacken	W7
	destente	n.fem	relaxation	W7
	detenir	vb	to detain	W7
	entendre	vb	to purpose, intend	W7
	entretenir	vb	to entertain	W7
	estendre	vb	to tighten, to extend	W7
	lieutenant	n.masc	lieutenant	W7
	obtenir	vb	to obtain	W7
	partenir	vb	to pertain	W7
	rene	n	rein	W7
	retenir	vb	to retain	W7
	retenu	vb.ptc	retained	W7
	retenue	vb.ptc.fem	retained	W7
	tenant	vb.pres.ptc	holding	W7
	tendon	n.masc	tendon	W7
	tendre	vb	to stretch (out), offer	W7
	tendron	n.masc	tendril	W7
	tenement	n.masc	part that holds	W7
	tenir	vb	to hold	W7
French:	baryton	n.masc	baritone	W7
	détente	n.fem	relaxation	W7
	ostensible	adj	apparent, visible, displayable in public	W7
	tenable	adj	tenable	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	tìnstu	vb	to swell	LRC
Latvian:	tinu	vb	to braid, weave	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	teneto	n	cord	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	ndënj	vb	to spread out	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	τανύω	vb	to stretch (out), extend	RPN
Greek:	anastasis	n.fem	extension	W7
	anateinein	vb	to extend	W7
	barytonos	adj	deep sounding	W7
	epiteinein	vb	to stretch tighter	W7
	peritonaion	n.neut	peritoneum	W7
	peritonaios	adj	stretched around	W7
	protasis	n.fem	premise of a syllogism, conditional clause	W7
	proteinein	vb	to stretch out before, put forward	W7
	syntonos	adj	being in harmony	W7
	tainia	n.fem	(head)band	W7
	τείνω	vb	to stretch, spread, extend	RPN
	tetanos	adj	stretched, rigid	W7
	tonos	n.masc	act of stretching	W7
	hypoteinein	vb	to subtend	W7
	hypoteinousa	n.fem	hypotenuse	W7
	hypoteinōn	vb.pres.ptc	tended under	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	tanava	vb	to keep distant	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	tatá-ḥ	vb.past.pass.ptc	extended, stretched	RPN
	tanóti	vb	to stretch, extend, lengthen	RPN
	tantra	n	tantra	W7
Hindi:	sitār	n	Hindu guitar	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dat	=	dative (case)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pass	=	passive (voice)
past	=	past (tense)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)