Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our
own English gloss; our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
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Pokorny Etymon: 2. tenk- 'to clot, thicken, contract; tight, solid'
Semantic Fields: Thick (in Density); Hard
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | geþēon, geþāh, geþigon, geþigen | vb.str.I | to thrive, prosper | LRC | ||||
| geðungen | adj | grown, advanced; noble, excellent | ASD | |||||
| ðengel | n.masc | prince | IEW/ASD | |||||
| þingan | vb | to invite, address; prosper, flourish | RPN | |||||
| þō(h)e/þō | n.fem | clay | KEW/ASD | |||||
| Middle English: | t(h)ight | adj | tight | W7 | ||||
| English: | tangle | n | large seaweed | AHD/W7 | ||||
| Thengel | prop.n | 16th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |||||
| tight | adj | re: firm compact texture | AHD/W7 | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Saxon: | giþungan | adj | grown, advanced; noble, excellent | ASD | ||||
| Old High German: | dāha | n | clay | KDW | ||||
| dingen | vb | to bring together | ASD | |||||
| gi-dingen | vb | to address | ASD | |||||
| Middle High German: | dīhte | adj | thick | W7 | ||||
| German: | dicht | adj | thick, tight, close | LRC | ||||
| Dichte | n.fem | thickness, density | LRC | |||||
| Ton | n | clay | TLL | |||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | þang | n | kelp | W7 | ||||
| þēttr | adj | tight | W7 | |||||
| þöngull | n | tangle, seaweed | W7 | |||||
| Old Icelandic: | þengill | n | king, lord, prince, captain | IEW | ||||
| Icelandic: | þā | n | muddy ground | ASD | ||||
| þengill | n.masc | prince | ASD | |||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | þāhō | n | clay | KGW | ||||
| þeihan | vb.str.I | to thrive, prosper | LRC | |||||
| Baltic | ||||||||
| Lithuanian: | teĩkti, teĩkia, teĩkė | vb | to give, render | LRC | ||||
| tìkras, tikrà | adj | genuine | LRC | |||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | tanakti | vb | to cause to coagulate | W7 | ||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |